其他检测

在金属富勒烯的形成过程中，存在从金属到碳笼的电子转移。La系金属富勒烯中，金属原子转 移2或3个电子给碳笼形成＋2或＋3价的金属离子和带有大量负电荷的碳笼。尽管如此，金属富勒烯仍具有良好的接受电子的能力。大多数的La系金属富勒烯（Y,La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Lu）的电化学方法研究表明，它们可以接受5到6个电子，但是，Sm的金属富勒烯的氧化还原性质尚未见报道，其主要原因是Sm金属富勒烯的合成产率低，仅是La金属富勒烯的7％，从而使得其分离非常困难，需要通过多步HPLC循环才能得到，高产率地合成与分离是这一金属包合物研究的关键。 本文在高产率合成金属富勒烯的基础上，采用更为有效的方法提取了Sm金属富勒烯，首次利用一步HPLC技术分离出Sm@C82(III)纯品，并对其电化学性质进行了研究。

The new DataPhysics lamella method was introduced, which permits the rapid and easy determination of the surface tension of liquids at temperatures up to 400℃. With the example of a high viscous hotmelt adhesive, an accuracy of the method of 1﹪was achieved.

For performing the contact angle, surface tension and interfacial tension measurements on the contact adhesives, the knowledge of certain liquid parameters against the temperature is required. For the liquids used as polar or disperse reference liquids, these data are available from DataPhysics instruments GmbH, Filderstadt, on request.

反射颜色测量的原理就是测量样品的反射率，然后通过选择照射光源，计算得到样品在某种光源的照射下面的颜色参数， XYZ 或者Lab。一般来说，固体和粘稠液体的颜色测量可以通过不同的实验布局来实现，如通过反射探头或积分球。对于不同的应用，如测量纺织品、纸张、水果、酒类和鸟类羽毛等颜色需要使用不同的探头。Brolight 光谱仪软件内含颜色测量模块，测试简单快速，并且可以根据您的应用做灵活的配置。

基于调剖堵水产品与食品工业产品如明胶等的相似性，引入食品工业中性能定量评价中常用的质构评价方法，以体膨颗粒为例开展调剖堵水用化学剂质构仪定量强度评价探索。

基于复享光学宏观激光拉曼光谱仪，通过与商业显微镜联用，组合成显微拉曼光谱仪。宏微观拉曼可切换使用，门槛低。

气相色谱仪启动后不久或色谱柱更换后不久，噪声是不可避免的，这是正常现象。噪声过大是指比正常的标准高得多的噪声或某些不正常的突变。发现噪声过大时，请先检查气相色谱仪和积分仪使用的电网电源是否有异常波动或突变，特别是在同一电网电源上接有大功率装置时，更要注意。此外，请检查仪器的接地是否正确并且良好。

液相色谱仪在使用中整个液路系统有两个地方易产生气泡！ 　　1、泵头吸液白管。 　　2、检测口流通池。 　　气泡产生的原因：温度上升，压力下降！ 　　温度上升或柱温上升，当接近试剂沸点时，试剂汽化产生气泡，试剂中已含微小气泡，因加热变大而产生气泡。 　　压力下降产生气泡，流动相中一直包含微小气泡，无论超声过滤，均不能池底去掉它，那么当压力下降时，微小气泡将长大，且多个小气泡易聚集成大气泡，而影响正常实验。

中智科仪逐光IsCMOS像增强相机在触发外部设备工作的同时可进行超窄门宽的快门控制，触发抖动小于35ps，延迟精度可达10ps量级，超窄门宽满足高时间分辨成像拍摄。独特的Burst累加功能、多帧累加功能和Zero noise功能，可以进一步提高成像质量。中智科仪逐光IsCMOS像增强相机在保证超高灵敏度，分辨率的同时，功能设计灵活，丰富，紧密贴合实验研究需要，已然成为超声波传输特性研究的高效优选方案。

中科都菱携手银杏叶临床生物样本库研究中心，在生物样本信息化管理技术的基础上优化资源配置，实现生物样本库建设软件硬件一体化发展，从基建规划到流程设计，从硬件设备到软件开发，从耗材供应到科研转化服务，为用户在样本入库前，入库中，和入库后提供高效，科学，标准的生物样本库综合解决方案

光催化H2O还原CO2还原为CH4是实现“碳中和”的有效途径之一。该反应中由于质子与CO2的耦合同质子与质子间的耦合存在着剧烈的竞争，最终导致产物中CH4的选择性比较低。 西南石油大学周莹教授课题组设计了氮掺杂碳包覆金属钴（N-C@Co）光催化剂，以提高光催化还原CO2制CH4的选择性。理论计算和实验表征分析表明在N-C@Co和H2O之间形成分子间氢键，有效抑制了生成的质子的迁移，促进了CO2分子的吸附和活化，并且有效抑制CO中间体的脱附（CO中间体通常被认为是生成CH4的关键物种）。这使得在光催化还原CO2的过程中质子可以选择性的与CO2耦合为CH4。最终，N-C@Co所对应的H2的选择性和活性相对于体相Co而言分别降低了17.6倍和9.3倍。而N-C@Co所对应的CH4的选择性和活性相对于体相Co而言分别提升了6.1倍和3.2倍。这项工作为设计出具有高CH4选择性的光催化材料提供了思路。其中X射线精细结构光谱（TableXAFS-500，安徽创谱仪器科技有限公司）对Co局域电子结构的判断是催化机理分析的重要依据。

全自动热解吸仪在使用一段时间后需要进行保养，以保证其后期工作的正常进行，并延长其使用寿命。全自动热解吸仪易损件应定期更换。

CMP浆料粒度分析的难点在于必须在抛光过程中全浓度条件下快速测定平均颗粒直径和粒度分布，因为稀释可能导致浆料稳定性和粒度的变化(比如进一步的团聚或解聚)，另外在稀释后的浆料中很难检测本来就极少量的团聚体。 CPS-24000型纳米粒度分析仪是最新型的纳米粒度分析仪，它采用斯托克斯定律分析方法，V = D²(ρP -ρF) G / 18 η，即颗粒沉降的速度与颗粒的尺寸平方成正比来进行粒度的测量，因此粒径相差小至1%的颗粒都可以明显分辨出来。适用于极稀到高浓度的样品粒度测定，对团聚体的存在非常敏感。

一、概述 清洗钝化施工方案如下： 1、清洗钝化范围：施工的洁净管的管道、管件、阀门等。 2、用水要求：在下列所有工艺操作中所用的水均为去离子水，制水操作请甲方配合。 3、安全防护措施：在酸洗液时采用如下安全预防措施：

此项测试的目的是界定成衣制造商的责任以保证钮扣、按钮及固定件能适当地固定在成衣上，钮扣的扣紧程度；防止钮扣脱离成衣，造成婴儿有机会吞服的危险。故此，所有成衣上的钮扣，按钮及固定件均需通过钮扣强度测试仪的检测。

This paper presents quantitative planar laserinduced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of nitric oxide (NO) in a transient-arc direct-current plasmatron igniter using premixed air/fuel mixtures. Quantitative measurements of NO are reported as a function of gas flow rate (20–50 standard cubic feet per hour), plasma power (100–900 mA, 150–750 W), and equivalence ratio (0.7–1.3). Images were corrected for temperature effects by using 2-D temperature field measurements obtained with infrared thermometry and calibrated by a more accurate multiline fitting technique. The signals were then quantified using an NO addition method and spectroscopic laser-induced fluorescence modeling of NO. NO PLIF images and single-point NO concentrations are presented for both plasma-discharge-only and methane/air plasma-enhanced combustion cases. NO formation occurs predominantly through N2(v) + O → NO + N for the plasmadischarge- only case without combustion. The NO concentration for the plasma-enhanced combustion case (500–3500 ppm) was an order of magnitude less than the plasma-discharge-only case (8000–15 000 ppm) due to the reduction of plasma reactions by the methane. Experiments show the linear decay of NO from equivalence ratio 0.8–1.2 under the same flow condition and discharge current. Index Terms—Nitric oxide (NO), plasma torch, plasma-assisted combustion.

LaVision公司的首席执行官Bernhard Wieneke是PIV领域的著名学者。在PIV不确定度的定量分析领域发表过多篇高水平，开拓性的文章。这是其中一篇。

采用LaVision公司的ImagerSX4M相机，两套Infnity K2, DistaMax型长工作距离显微镜，对3.246mm x 3.874mm的视场进行了流场测量。获得了温度驱动的边界层流动的可视化流场。

采用LaVision公司最短帧间时间间隔可达115纳秒的跨帧相机，可以测量的速度上线可达十几公里/秒。本文的测试速度就达到了5倍音速。

提出了一种新颖的基于结构化光照明的方法，基于数字图像相关（DIC）原理实现用一台相机进行3维表明形貌，形变以及应变测量。

A novel support mechanism for a wind tunnel model is designed, built, and demonstrated on an aerodynamic platform undergoing dynamic maneuvers, tested with periodic motions up to 20 Hz. The platform is supported by a 6-DOF (six degrees of freedom) traverse that utilizes eight thin wires, each mounted to a servo motor with an in-line load cell to accurately monitor or control the platform motion and force responses. The system is designed such that simultaneous control of the servo motors effects motion within 50 mm translations, 15 pitch, 9 yaw, and 8 roll at lower frequencies. The traverse tracks a desired trajectory and resolves the induced forces on the platform at 1 kHz. The effected motion of the platform is measured at 0.6 kHz with a motion capture system, which utilizes six near-infrared (NIR) cameras for full spatial and temporal resolution of the platform motion, which is used for feedback control. The traverse allows different platform model geometries to be tested, and the present work demonstrates its capabilities on an axisymmetric bluff body. Programmable timed outputs are synchronized relative to the model motion and can be used for triggering external systems and processes. In the present study, particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used to characterize the realized wakes of the platform undergoing canonical motions that are effected by this new wind tunnel traverse.

The entire process of atomization of the fuel in an internal combustion engine plays a very important role in determining the overall efficiency of these engines. A good atomization process could help the fuel to mix with the air properly leading to its efficient combustion, thereby reducing the emitted pollutants as well. The recent trend followed by the engineers focused on designing fuel injectors for more efficient atomization is to increase the atomization pressure while decreasing the nozzle orifice diameter. A consequence of this is the development of cavitation (formation of vapor cavities or bubbles in the liquid) inside the injector close to the nozzle. The main reason behind this is the sudden changes in the pressure inside the injector and these cavities or bubbles are usually formed where the pressure is relatively low. This work mainly focuses on studying the formation of cavitation and its effect on the velocity of the spray in the near nozzle region using asymmetrical transparent nozzle equipped with a needle lift sensor with nozzle diameter of 0.35 mm at 300 bar of injection pressure. The experiment consists in recording of several image-pairs, which are separated by about 300 ns, capturing the dynamics of the spray, a few millimeters from the nozzle in the direction of the flow. These image-pairs are then used to compute the velocity from the displacement of the liquid structures and ligaments by correlating the first image with the second. About 200 of such velocity graphs are then averaged to obtain a velocity map and is compared with the similar average velocity maps obtained at different times from the start of the injection. The angular spread of the spray from each of these images is calculated as well. The images showing cavitation in-side the injector are also recorded at these same instants of time so as to understand the effects of cavitation on the velocity and angular spread of the spray close to the nozzle.

We present two-dimensional measurements of the laser-induced plasma development and shock wave evolution in air. The breakdown is induced by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm) with a pulse duration of 4 ns. To study these fast laser-induced phenomena, we have developed a high-speed, two frame shadowgraph method. It enables 2D visualization of a laser-induced event in two time instances, which are delayed by an arbitrary time interval in the range from 300 ps to 30 ns. The established method is based on 30 ps, green (λ = 532 nm), and linearly polarized laser pulse, which is split into two orthogonally polarized illumination pulses for direct and delayed illumination of the breakdown area. Exploiting polarization of the probe pulses, we capture two temporally and spatially separated frames with two CCD cameras. Special attention is given to the subsequent data processing, especially to the minimization of the systematic error due to alignment of both images, and to the determination of 2D velocity distribution from the captured image pairs.

The present study deals with the ow eld in the circular cross section of a cylindrical vessel induced by a rotationally reciprocating impeller, rotating back and forth with gradual change in rotational speed. A periodically stable velocity eld was measured by PIV and also simulated by CFD. It was revealed that the velocity eld near the liquid free surface is basically 2-dimensional, except for the acceleration period at Re43, and agrees well with 2-dimensional CFD simulation, except for the development process of 3-dimensional tip vortices at Re43. The separation behavior of the vortices originally generated at the impeller tip changed with increasing Reynolds number. No separation was observed at a lower Reynolds number, while the separated vortices turn into 3-dimensional potential vortices and remain as 2-dimensional vortices at the next impeller counterturn at higher Reynolds numbers. The uctuation of each velocity component was remarkably small, suggesting that the ow eld even at the highest Reynolds number was still laminar. It is found that eective transportation of energy from the impeller to 3-dimensional potential vortex is related to a large and constant power number, which is reported in our recent publication.

We present the results of a laboratory experimental study of an internal wave field generated by harmonic, spatially periodic boundary forcing from above of a density stratification comprising a strongly stratified, thin upper layer sitting atop a weakly stratified, deep lower layer. In linear regimes, the energy flux associated with relatively high frequency internal waves excited in the upper layer is prevented from entering the lower layer by virtue of evanescent decay of the wave field. In the experiments, however, we find that the development of parametric subharmonic instability in the upper layer transfers energy from the forced primary wave into a pair of subharmonic daughter waves, each capable of penetrating the weakly stratified lower layer. We find that around 10% of the primary wave energy flux penetrates into the lower layer via this nonlinear wave-wave interaction for the regime we study.

Composite materials are used in land, sea and air vehicles in high performance applications, particularly where speed and manoevrability are primary considerations. Full-field data-rich imaging techniques are used to provide a better understanding of the behaviour of composite materials subjected to high strain rate loading, such as those experienced during shock and blast loading. The project has particular application to protection of personnel and equipment helping to reduce serious injuries and damage to costly equipment.

Nitric oxide laser-induced-fluorescence (NO-LIF) 2-D imaging measurements using a new multi-spectral detection strategy are reported for high-pressure flames (1–60 bar). This work builds on previous research that identified interference LIF from O2 and CO2 in high-pressure flames and optimized the choice of excitation strategies as a function of application conditions. In this study, design rules are presented to optimize the LIF detection wavelengths for quantitative 2-D NO-LIF measurements over a wide range of pressures (1–60 bar) and temperatures. Simultaneous detection of LIF in multiple wavelength regions enables correction of the NO signal for interference from O2 and CO2 and allows simultaneous imaging of all three species. New experiments of wavelength-resolved 1-D LIF in slightly lean (/ = 0.9) and slightly rich (/ = 1.1) methane/air flames are used to evaluate the design rules and estimate the NO detection limits for a wide range of flame conditions. The quantitative 2-D measurements of NO in the burnt gas are compared with model calculations (using GRI-Mech 3.0) versus pressure for slightly lean and slightly rich flames. The discussions and demonstrations reported in this study provide a practical guideline for application of instantaneous 1-D or 2-D NO-LIF imaging strategies in high-pressure combustion systems.  2006 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Single-shot, tomographic imaging of the three-dimensional concentration field is demonstrated in a turbulent gaseous free jet in co-flow using volumetrically illuminated laser-induced fluorescence. The fourthharmonic output of an Nd:YAG laser at 266 nm is formed into a collimated 15 × 20 mm2 beam to excite the ground singlet state of acetone seeded into the central jet. Subsequent fluorescence is collected along eight lines of sight for tomographic reconstruction using a combination of stereoscopes optically coupled to four two-stage intensified CMOS cameras. The performance of the imaging system is evaluated and shown to be sufficient for recording instantaneous three-dimensional features with high signal-tonoise (130:1) and nominal spatial resolution of 0.6–1.5 mm at x/D = 7–15.5.

This paper describes the development of an experimental technique that combines simultaneous planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) and infrared (IR) thermography imaging, and its application to the measurement of unsteady and conjugate heat-transfer in harmonically forced, thin liquid-film flows falling under the action of gravity over an inclined electrically heated-foil substrate. Quantitative, spatiotemporally resolved and simultaneously conducted measurements are reported of the film thickness, film free-surface temperature, solid–liquid substrate interface temperature, and local/instantaneous heat flux exchanged with the heated substrate. Based on this information, local and instantaneous heat-transfer coefficients (HTCs) are recovered. Results concerning the local and instantaneous HTC and how this is correlated with the local and instantaneous film thickness suggest considerable heat-transfer enhancement relative to steady-flow predictions in the thinner film regions. This behaviour is attributed to a number of unsteady/mixing transport processes within the wavy films that are not captured by laminar, steady-flow analysis. The Nusselt number Nu increases with the Reynolds number Re; at low Re values the mean Nu number corresponds to 2.5, in agreement with the steady-flow theory, while at higher Re, both the Nu number and the HTC exhibit significantly enhanced values. Evidence that the HTC becomes decoupled from the film thickness for the upper range of observed film thicknesses is also presented. Finally, smaller film thickness fluctuation intensities were associated with higher HTC fluctuation intensities, while the amplitude of the wall temperature fluctuations was almost proportional to the amplitude of the HTC fluctuations.

The ignition characteristics of a premixed bluff-body burner under lean conditions were investigated experimentally and numerically with a physical model focusing on ignition probability. Visualisation of the flame with a 5 kHz OH* chemiluminescence camera confirmed that successful ignitions were those associated with the movement of the kernel upstream, consistent with previous work on non-premixed systems. Performing many separate ignition trials at the same spark position and flow conditions resulted in a quantification of the ignition probability Pign, which was found to decrease with increasing distance downstream of the bluff body and a decrease in equivalence ratio. Flows corresponding to flames close to the blow-off limit could not be ignited, although such flames were stable if reached from a richer already ignited condition. A detailed comparison with the local Karlovitz number and the mean velocity showed that regions of high Pign are associated with low Ka and negative bulk velocity (i.e. towards the bluff body), although a direct correlation was not possible. A modelling effort that takes convection and localised flame quenching into account by tracking stochastic virtual flame particles, previously validated for non-premixed and spray ignition, was used to estimate the ignition probability. The applicability of this approach to premixed flows was first evaluated by investigating the model’s flame propagation mechanism in a uniform turbulence field, which showed that the model reproduces the bending behaviour of the ST-versus-u curve. Then ignition simulations of the bluff-body burner were carried out. The ignition probability map was computed and it was found that the model reproduces all main trends found in the experimental study.