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The experimental program that is being conducted at the Matched Index-of-Refraction (MIR) Flow Facility at Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to obtain benchmark data on measurements of flow phenomena in a scaled model of the lower plenum of a typical prismatic gas-cooled reactor (GCR) using 3-D Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is presented. A detailed description of the model, scaling, the experimental facility, 3-D PIV system, measurement uncertainties, experimental procedures and samples of the data sets that have been obtained are included. Samples of the data set that are presented include mean-velocity-field and turbulence data in an approximately 1:7 scale model of a region of the lower plenum. This experiment has been selected as the first Standard Problem endorsed by the Generation IV International Forum. Results concentrate on the region of the lower plenum near its far reflector wall (away from the outlet duct). Inlet jet Reynolds numbers (based on the jet diameter and the time-mean flow rate) are approximately 4,300 and 12,400. The measurements reveal undeveloped, non-uniform flow in the inlet jet ducts and complicated flow patterns in the modeled lower plenum. Data include three-dimensional vector plots, data displays along the coordinate planes (slices) and charts that describe the component flows at specific regions in the model. Information on inlet flow is also presented.

The active control of laminar and turbulent flows with dynamic actuators is of great scientific and technological interest in nearly all fields of fluid mechanics. Today, most of the well established actuator concepts are based on pneumatic and micro-mechanic bases. However, owing to their limited dynamic range, their potential seems to be limited from the present point of view [1]. Recently it was successfully demonstrated that a boundary layer flow can be efficiently controlled by using an optical actuator concept, which allows non-intrusive excitation of the flow with nearly any pulse-width and repetition-rate by heating the surface of a model with a short-focused laser pulse [2]. The drawback of the proposed and examined method was the gradual ablation of the model surface. To avoid this problem the excitation was performed above the surface in this investigation [3]. By using the phased locked stereoscopic PIV and Schlieren technique the dynamic effect of the laser induced plasma on a boundary layer flow could be examined in detail. In this contribution the main results will be summarized and the perspective of this actuation method for fundamental and applied fluid mechanics will be outlined.

Two-phase annular flow is commonly used in both commercial and industrial heat transfer; however, we do not yet possess a thorough understanding of the nature of the fluid. Most analytical annular two-phase models are based on a relationship between the liquid film thickness, liquid film mass flux, and the axial pressure gradient or interfacial shear stress. The film thickness calculated from these models can then be utilized to determine the heat transfer coefficient of the flow. Although they are specific to certain flow regimes and fluids, empirical models remain more accurate than these analytical models. The key to understanding these flows lies with the liquid film. Therefore, to better understand the pressure drop and heat transfer of annular two-phase flow, this study involves the development of local, liquid velocity measurement techniques and their application to horizontal, wavy-annular two-phase flow. Two techniques, Bubble Streak Tracking (BST) and Thin Film Particle Image Velocimetry (TFPIV), have been developed in this study. Utilizing naturally occurring bubbles within the liquid film, the BST technique determines the liquid velocity by measuring reflected light streaks from the bubbles. A three-colored LED array creates directionally unambiguous streaks, while a strobe illuminates interfacial features that affect the liquid velocity. The TFPIV technique applies a typical micro-PIV system to a macroscopic flow with the addition of a non-trivial image processing algorithm. This algorithm successfully overcomes the image noise that occurs when applying PIV to a two-phase, thin film. Although difficulties arise when processing the BST data, the results of the BST and TFPIV methods are comparable, making BST an economical alternative to TFPIV for calculating liquid film velocities.

The geometry of ductile strain localization phenomena is related to the rheology of the deformed rocks. Both qualitative and quantitative rheological properties of natural rocks have been estimated from finite field structures such as folds and shear zones. We apply physical modelling to investigate the relationship between rheology and the temporal evolution of the width and transversal strain distribution in shear zones, both of which have been used previously as rheological proxies. Geologically relevant materials with well-characterized rheological properties (Newtonian, strain hardening, strain softening, MohreCoulomb) are deformed in a shear box and observed with Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV). It is shown that the width and strain distribution histories in model shear zones display characteristic finite responses related to material properties as predicted by previous studies. Application of the results to natural shear zones in the field is discussed. An investigation of the impact of 3D boundary conditions in the experiments demonstrates that quantitative methods for estimating rheology from finite natural structures must take these into account carefully.

Geostrophic adjustment of an isolated axisymmetric lens was examined to better understand the dependence of radial displacements and the adjusted velocity on Burger number and the geometry of initial conditions. The behavior of the adjustment was examined using laboratory experiments and numerical simulations, which were in turn compared to published analytical solutions. Three defining length scales of the initial conditions were used to distinguish between various asymptotic behaviors for large and small Burger number: the Rossby radius of deformation, the horizontal length scale of the initial density defect, and the horizontal length scale of the initial pressure gradient. Numerical simulations for the fully nonlinear time dependent adjustment agreed both qualitatively and quantitatively with analogous analytical solutions. For large Burger number, similar agreement was found in laboratory experiments. Results show that a broad range of final states can result from different initial geometries, depending on the values of the relevant length scales, and the Burger number computed from initial conditions. For Burger number much larger or smaller than unity, differences between different initial geometries can readily exceed an order of magnitude for both displacement and velocity.

热流计（heat flow meter—HFM）技术在防隔热材料的表观导热系数快速和可靠测量中应用十分广泛，在英国和爱尔兰有着大量不同尺寸和形式的热流计，这些热流计多数归属于防隔热材料生产商的质量保证部门和研究实验室。随着欧洲法律要求生产厂商公布产品的热性能数值，英国国家物理实验室（NPL）为此在英国和爱尔兰范围内组织了一次比对试验以评估工业用热流计测量的可比性和准确性，目的是帮助建立测量的一致性。 在此次比对试验中，共评定了17个热流计装置，评定装置采用了保护热板法测量装置以提供导热系数数值基线。在10℃和23℃温度下，采用了发泡聚苯乙烯、挤塑聚苯乙烯和高密度岩石纤维板三种材料各两种厚度试样进行了评定测量。除了少数例外，大多数测量结果都在±5%偏差范围内。在总共154个数据点中，69%的数据点位于±3%偏差范围内，50%的数据点位于±2%偏差范围内。由于校准原因和平衡时间变化所带来的测量偏差本文进行了讨论，并对今后进一步降低测量不确定给出了建议。

在化妆品检测实验室中，多元醇、香波表面活性剂、乳液（乳白色粘稠液）等十分常见，这类器皿残留物人工清洗起来非常麻烦，十分费时费力。杜伯特自动洗瓶机对比人工，能够快速洁净的解决这类残留物清洗。

Eight samples from the Nuclear Division of a company were analyzed. These samples have complex matrices such as salt, concentratedacid, etc. and required high dilution factors when flame AAS is used. This application note will demonstrate the feasibility and simplicity of the ICP technique for this type of analysis.

采用美国Artium 公司的PDI-200MD型相位多普勒粒子干涉仪，测量了水喷雾中的液滴粒径和速度等参数。研究了水喷雾对多“细胞”结构常规爆轰的影响。

扫描电镜为精密仪器，在观察样品前一定要重视样品制备。如果样品存在问题或制样不当，不仅无法得到理想的效果，还会对电镜造成损伤，影响仪器测试性能，甚至造成设备故障，造成不可挽回的损失。

对于消防员来说，合适的消防器材至关重要，这不仅攸关他们的生命，也 关系到他人的生命营救。为了保证消防队员的安全，提供更好的消防服 务，比利时比华伦的消防部门最近购置了一台FLIR K50红外热像仪。

对《标准检验方法》中离子色谱法检测饮 用水中常规阴阳离子及特殊被测组分的方法进行了简要综述，同时给出了戴安推荐的相应检测方法：对阳离子分析，推荐使用CSRS阳离子连续自动再生电解抑制器，IonPacCS16或IonPacCS A色谱柱等度淋洗；对常见阴离子、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴酸盐、卤代乙酸分析，推荐使用ASRS阴离子连续自动再生电解抑制器，IonPac AS19 色谱柱梯度淋洗、IonPacAS-HC或者IonPacAS23色谱柱等度淋洗。这些方法均得到美国EPA等组织的认证，完全可以满足相应部门对饮用水中各种离子的检测要求。 ...

各行业化学分析实验室，主要用来检测各行业、领域氯离子的含量等。适用范围：实验室检测氯离子含量，控制及防止钢筋发生过早腐蚀，快速检测混凝土、砂石子、水泥等无机材料的水溶性氯离子含量，结合混凝土中氯离子扩散系数，可对混凝土结构寿命、钢筋锈蚀寿命进行预测。执行标准：

A survey is conducted to quantitatively visualise the wake flow behind a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers of 180 to 2500. A time-resolved tomographic PIV method is used to measure the sequence of three-dimensional vector fields evolving in time. The attention is focused upon the unsteady 3D wake organization with the interaction of primary rollers (Karman-Benard) and the secondary vortices resulting from 3D instability of the vortex wake.

本文研究了在稳定剂存在的条件下，在钢铁表面制备了Cu-Sn-P多元合金化学镀层，讨论了镀液成分和沉积条件等对镀层性质的影响．采用了硬脂酸、月桂酸和苯并三氮唑对Cu-Sn-P镀层表面进行再处理，从而形成致密保护膜，得到Cu-Sn-P／stearic acid(1auric acid，BTA)镀层，并研究了其性能． 只做学术交流，不做其他任何商业用途，版权归原作者所有！

The transient behaviour of the fuel spray from an air-assisted fuel injector in a constant volume chamber has been investigated experimentally. The relative Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the spray droplets was determined using planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) and planar Mie scattering. Planar images of the ensemble averaged relative SMD with various injection conditions were obtained by calculating the ratio between the two laser light intensities at a given point. The penetration length and the spray shape factor were also obtained. The ensemble averaged results suggest the existence of vortices that are shed from the injector tip, and which entrain the smaller droplets. Results also show that the characteristics of the injector vary weakly with several particular injection parameters, notably the fuel injection pressure and the delay between fuel and air injection.

Vortex generator jets (VGJs) have proven to be effective in minimizing the separation losses on low-pressure turbine blades at low Reynolds numbers. Experimental data collected using phase-locked particle image velocimetry and substantiated with a hot-film anemometer were used to answer fundamental questions about the influence of VGJs on a separated boundary layer. The data were collected on the suction surface of the Pack B blade profile, which has a non-reattaching separation bubble beginning at 68% axial chord. Two VGJ pulse histories were created with different frequencies, jet durations,and duty cycles. The mechanisms responsible for boundary layer separation control were shown to be a combination of boundary layer transition and streamwise vortical structures. Jet duration and relaxation time were important VGJ characteristics in determining the extent of control. The unsteady environment characterisitic of the low-pressure turbine section in a gas turbine engine effectively reduces the time-averaged separation zone by as much as 35%. Upstream blade rows create unsteady flow disturbances (wakes) that transition the flow. This transitioned flow propagates downstream, re-attaching the separation bubbles on the subsequent blade row. Phase-locked PIV and hot-film measurements were used to document the characteristics of this separation zone when subjected to synchronized unsteady wakes and VGJs. The phase difference between VGJ actuation and the wake passing, blowing ratio, and VGJ duration were optimized to achieve the greatest timeaveraged control of the separation zone. The experimental data were used to identify the important characteristics of the wake/jet interaction. Phase-locked PIV measurements were taken to isolate the wake event.

喜瓶者洗瓶机催乳剂萃取剂残留/烧杯 解决方案 样品现状： 催乳剂萃取剂残留/烧杯 目的： 为满足用户玻璃仪器残留物清洗使用玻璃器具清洗机清洗方案，确保清洗机可满足用户要求，进行的清洗测试。 试洗机型： 喜瓶者洗瓶机Aurora-F2系列：双层款，可同时清洗1、25ml容量瓶144个2、100ml容量瓶42个+进样小瓶238个3、培养皿168个4、移液管238个6、进样小瓶476个

Determination of acidic constituents in petroleum products and lubricants by potentiometric titration. The total acid number TAN is the quantity of base, expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is required to neutralize all acidic constituents present in 1 g of sample.

某些情况特别是在完成金属涂层或绘画及冲压润滑油残留时，使用室温测得的表面能数值会产生一些问题。因此我们提供了高温表面自由能测量方法。

含能材料的感度与其形貌和颗粒尺寸密切相关。通过改变已有药的晶体尺寸、形貌、缺陷等物理特性可以改变药的性能。研究表明，立方形或球形晶体有利于降低药的机械感度。

The analysis of impurities in Rhodium samples requires an instrument with high resolution to avoid inter-element correction and obtain low detection limits. For this reason the JY ULTIMA was used. This Application Note reports the wavelengths that were used in this difficult matrix and the detection limits obtained.

冬天到了，不论是大人还是孩童，滑雪都是一项不错的娱乐活动，滑雪板的选择对每个滑雪手来说都很重要，那么你知道何种滑板质量最好吗？今天，小菲就来给大家说一个奥地利企业使用FLIR红外热像仪研究滑雪设备的过程的案例！

众所周知，设备维护工程师，应该是正儿八经的蓝领，给大众的印象一直是，身穿工装、手戴手套、背着沉重的工具包，上一天班下来，应该是灰不溜秋，汗流浃背的。

二氧化碳培养箱的日常清洁

随着目前特钢产能需求增长，冶金辅助等设备逐渐增多，设备维护人员的工作量日益增大，巡检的目标范围也逐渐增多，传统仪器测温枪已经满足不了目前的工作需求，而传统的热成像仪器体积也都较大，携带不是很方便，所以设备维护人员在操作时比较繁琐，严重影响效率。

飞纳电镜每天都会与各种新样品打交道，千奇百怪的样品也层出不穷，为了给大家在科研之余带来一些欢乐，我们特此开辟扫描电镜“奇葩样品”栏目，展示一些有趣的样品。

使用铝模块自动消化装置进行样本消解是一个相对简单的过程，但仍需要谨慎操作。以下是一般的操作步骤，具体的步骤可能会因设备型号和厂商而有所不同。在进行操作之前，请务必仔细阅读设备的使用手册和操作指南。 1. 准备工作： 确保铝模块自动消化装置的电源连接正常，设备处于工作状态。 检查试剂、样品和其他实验器材的准备情况。 2. 打开设备： 启动铝模块自动消化装置，等待设备初始化。 3. 设置实验参数： 使用设备上的液晶触摸屏，进入实验参数设置界面。 选择或创建一个用户定义方案，设置升温阶段的温度、时间等参数。 4. 放置样品： 打开设备的样品仓，将待消解的样品放置在相应的位置。 确保样品数量不超过设备的承载能力，并避免样品之间的干扰。 5. 启动自动消解程序： 确认实验参数设置无误后，启动自动消解程序。 设备将按照设定的升温阶段，自动完成升温、搅拌、消解等程序，无需人工干预。

采用固体电解质，无需碱液，使用维护更方便，内有微量氧脱除剂（无需活化），氢气纯度更高。仪器内部采用低硫橡胶，可适用于NPD和FPD。

材料在纳米尺度上的力学性能是其在生物学，工业以及结构材料中应用的基础。原子力显微镜探针和样品的相互作用过程中受多种力的影响-弹性力，粘性力，引力，范德华力等等。因此非常有必要利用不同的测试方式对材料进行可重复的精确测试。