其他检测

Samples containing 10 g/L of Pb were presented to this laboratory for trace determination. Concentrations of the analytes were expected to be less than 100 ppm. This Application Note presents a selection of the best wavelengths for each analyte in this matrix as well as an estimation of the detection limits.

Active flow control of jets with Localized Arc Filament Plasma Actuators (LAFPAs) is conducted over a wide range of the fully expanded jet Mach numbers (MJ or simply jet Mach number). The jet Mach numbers covered in the present research are 0.9 (with a converging nozzle), 1.2 (overexpanded), 1.3 (perfectly expanded), and 1.4 (underexpanded) with a design Mach number 1.3. Additionally, limited experiments are carried out for an MJ = 1.65 perfectly-expanded jet. The exit diameter is 2.54 cm (1 inch) for all cases and eight LAFPAs are equally distributed on the perimeter of a boron nitride nozzle extension. The jet spreading is strongly dependent on duty cycle, forcing frequency, and azimuthal modes. The performance of LAFPAs for jet spreading is investigated using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). There is an optimum duty cycle, producing maximum jet spreading, for each forcing frequency. A relationship between the optimum duty cycle and forcing frequency is determined from the extensive results in the MJ 0.9, and this relation is used for all experiments. The effect of forcing frequency is investigated for a wide range of forcing Strouhal numbers (StDF = fFD/Ue, where fF, D, and Ue, are forcing frequency, nozzle exit diameter, and jet exit velocity respectively), ranging from 0.09 to 3.0. The azimuthal modes (m) investigated are m = 0 – 3, ±1, ±2, and ±4 - this comprises all modes available with eight actuators. The performance of LAFPAs does also strongly depend on the stagnation temperature of the jet and MJ. The effects of stagnation temperature are investigated for 1.0, 1.4, and 2.0 times the ambient temperature in MJ 0.9 jet for very limited azimuthal modes and StDF. In an MJ 1.65 perfectly-expanded jet, the control authority of LAFPAs is investigated for only m = ±1 and StDF ∼ 0.3.

The present research examines the relationship between the large-scale structure dynamics of a controlled jet and the far-field sound. This was achieved by exploring the flowfield and the far field of an axisymmetric Mach 0.9 jet with a Reynolds number based on jet diameter of approximately 7.6 x 105. The jet is controlled by eight localized arc filament plasma actuators (LAFPA), which operate over a frequency range that spans the jet column instability, the initial shear layer instability, and higher. Varying the phase between the eight actuators allows excitation of azimuthal modes (m) 0, 1, 2, and 3. The flowfield is investigated using flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). A Reynolds decomposition of the PIV results showed the importance of the streamwise velocity fluctuations for the symmetric azimuthal modes (m = 0 and 2), and the cross-stream velocity fluctuations for the asymmetric azimuthal modes (m = 1 and 3). A proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of the PIV data was performed to extract information about how forcing affects the large-scale flow features. The first POD mode based on v′ shows the existence has large-scale flow features from forcing over a large range of StDF’s (0.09 to 1.08), while the first POD mode based on u′ only has large-scale flow features from forcing around the preferred StDF of 0.36.

标准曲线拟合好，主灵敏线 R=0.99997，次灵敏线R= 0.9998， RSD＜1%。标准溶液重测回收率——QC3为 101.5%，QC4为99.79%。每个样品重复测定3次的结果非常相近。说明仪器的稳定性好，测定结果准确、可靠，完全适合该类样品的测试。主灵敏线与次灵敏线的测试结果基本相近。

This paper presents flow field measurements of hydrogen/methane mixtures under near blowout conditions. Previous high speed visualizations by our group of these flames shows that the blow off phenomenology varies with percentage of hydrogen [1]. This paper further characterizes the flow field of these flames using particle image velocimetry (PIV). A variety of highly dynamic flame and flow features are observed, which vary substantially with the H2 levels in the fuel. This variation is apparently due to the enhanced strain resistance of hydrogen augmented flames and flow dilatation ratio effects upon flow dynamics, particularly vortex breakdown.

当前大多数显示屏幕（手机屏幕、PADS 、电视、车载的显示屏）和光源都基于LED背光，它们会产生不一致的光谱，因此只有通过测量LED的真实光谱才能进行准确的颜色测量。传统的方法是采用分光光度计来检测显示屏幕和光源的颜色，但由于对检测时间的限制，在检测时分光光度计只能检测显示屏幕表面的几个离散点。 RGB相机是基于RGB三色波段来成像，仅对R（红）、G（绿）、B（蓝）3个波段响应，与标准色坐标XYZ不匹配，因此它们的色域和测量精度十分有限。 SPECIM FX10是市场上款可以采集整个显示屏幕的高光谱相机，在400-1000nm光谱范围内以5.5nm的光谱分辨率，同时采集产品的图像信息和光谱信息，可安装在生产线上快速地对整个显示屏幕进行光学质量检测。FX10可测量显示屏幕和光源的色域、亮度水平、亮度均匀性、白点等光学参数。 SPECIM FX10高光谱相机可以在生产中对显示屏幕进行100％的检查，从而大程度地减少后期的返工，避免客户的投诉。 由于FX10高光谱相机采集的是整个显示屏幕的真实的光谱数据，可为产品质量控制提供统计学数据，在产品出现问题时，有助于分析查找问题的根本原因。

该研究的详细情况首次发表在《应用光学》2012 年 1 月 10 日号（总第 51 卷，第二期）上。 精确测定薄膜和多层镀膜的光学参数（使用光学镀膜的逆向工程）对于生产高质量的产品至关重要。这些数据可以给设计和生产环节提供反馈。对每一层依次进行评估后得到的逆向工程结果可以用来调整沉积参数，重校监测系统，改善对各层的厚度控制。 通常是使用紫外-可见-近红外 (UV-Vis-NIR) 或傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 分光光度法进行光学表征，对透明基板上的薄膜样品垂直入射或接近垂直入射时的透射率 (T)和/或反射率 (R) 的数据进行分析。然而，基于垂直入射的透射率和反射率测量的光学表征以及基于垂直或接近垂直入射的透射率和反射率测量数据的可靠的逆向工程仍然十分困难。

扫描电镜中拉伸台是常见的原位材料力学性能分析选配件，主要用于形变或断裂微区分析，可以实时观察到裂纹开裂过程，对于材料断裂机理研究非常有帮助。可以实时控制样品在拉伸过程中的应变量（ε）、拉伸力（T）、应变速度（?）、疲劳试验循环次数（N）等。

PIV技术是测量研究高温喷射流体的有效方法。PIV技术需要示踪粒子。许多常规生成粒子的方法对高温喷射流体并不适用。本文介绍了制备和播撒均匀的亚微米粒子技术途径。

The flow field of a laboratory-simulated tornado was studied by means of 2-D Particle Image Velocimetry or PIV technique with the purpose of investigating the effects of roughness on the near-ground tornado-like vortex structure and its velocity distribution. The results show the flow regime transition from multi-celled vortices over the smooth surface at a higher swirl ratio to singleor dual-celled vortices with roughness. Significant difference in velocities and turbulence characteristics is observed as a result of increasing ground roughness. This work is part of a project that seeks better understanding of the near-ground flow field and resulting wind-induced loads on structures in a tornado.

可以测试较厚样品,测试寿命范围宽,无损检测 可灵敏地反映单晶体重金属污染及陷阱效应表面复合效应等缺陷情况。WCT一个高度被看待的研究和过程工具。QSSPC终身测量也产生含蓄的打开电路电压(对照明)曲线，与最后的I-V曲线是可比较的在一个太阳能电池过程的每个阶段。

In recent international collaboration, Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and Universität Erlangen (UE) have developed large MIR flow systems which are ideal for joint graduate student education and research. The benefit of the MIR technique is that it permits optical measurements to determine flow characteristics in complex passages and around objects to be obtained without locating a disturbing transducer in the flow field and without distortion of the optical paths. The MIR technique is not new itself; others employed it earlier. The innovation of these MIR systems is their large size relative to previous experiments, yielding improved spatial and temporal resolution. This report will discuss the benefits of the technique, characteristics of the systems and some examples of their applications to complex situations. Typically their experiments have provided new fundamental understanding plus benchmark data for assessment and possible validation of computational thermal fluid dynamic codes.

Aeroacoustics research approaches Sound in the far-fieldby phase-microphones array (field tests and large-anechoic wind tunnels) Phenomenological research by Computational aero-acoustics (CAA) - DNS, LES (direct approaches) - DNS+LEE, LES+BEM, RANS+SNGR (hybrid approaches) Surface pressure sensors and acoustic analogies e.g. Pressure transducers and Curle analogy Experimental noise-source identification by PIV statistical techniques (spatio-temporal velocity correlations) time-resolved analysis (velocity or derived pressure spectra)

法国Phasics 公司利用革新的技术研发的SID4 波前探测器，具有如下独特 技术优势： ●高分辨率的相位图，最高分辨率可达400ｘ300。 ●具有直接测量高发散光束的能力 ●消色差，匹配CCD整个探测范围，用于不同波长光而无需额外校准。 应用方向： ●激光束质量分析 ●自适应光学 ●光学元件表面测量 ●生物成像 ●热成像，等离子体表面物理

作为一名经验丰富的实验室应用人员，你每天需要花大量的时间和电镜待在一起，并且在操作系统方面十分专业。这是一项责任重大的工作，因为你的实验结果可以帮助大幅提高公司的产品质量。因此，你的工作一定要是高质量的，与此同时你也希望可以尽快完成工作。这就陷入了一个矛盾，因为当你加快工作速度时必然会降低工作质量，然而这并不是你所希望看到的。 那么问题来了，如何才能在尽量短的时间内做出同样高质量的工作？当然，你可以使用新的设备并雇佣熟练的工作人员，但这并不是有效的解决方案，建议你尝试尝试优化工作流程。 俗话说“磨刀不误砍柴工”，如果你在制备样品时图一时的快速，代价可能是需要花更多的时间来完成工作。但如果你花更多时间去专业的制备样品，会达到事半功倍的效果。 考虑一下：如果工作比较忙，你希望减少工作中哪一个流程的时间？是制备样品的时间吗？一定要记住，永远不要在制备样品上走捷径，一定要保证足够的时间去完成。

The aim of this work was to understand the physical requirements as well as to develop methodology required to employ Time Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (TRDPIV) for measuring high speed, high magnification, near wall flow fields. Previous attempts to perform measurements such as this have been unsuccessful because of both limitations in equipment as well as proper methodology for processing of the data. This work addresses those issues and successfully demonstrates a test inside of a transonic turbine cascade as well as a high speed high magnification wall jet. From previous studies it was established that flow tracer delivery is not a trivial task in a high speed high back pressure environment. Any TRDPIV measurement requires uniform spatial seeding density, but time-resolved measurements require uniform temporal seeding density as well. To this end, a high pressure particle generator was developed. This advancement enhanced current capability beyond what was previously attainable. Unfortunately, this was not sufficient to resolve the issue of seeding all together, and an advanced data reconstruction methodology was developed to reconstruct areas of the flow field that where lost do to inhomogeneous seeding. This reconstruction methodology, based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), has been shown to produce errors in corrected velocities below tradition spatial techniques alone. The combination of both particle generator and reconstruction methodology was instrumental for successfully acquiring TRDPIV measurements in a high speed high pressure environment such as a transonic wind tunnel facility. This work also investigates the development of a turbulent wall jet.

迁钢公司质检站引进了一台扫描电镜及能谱仪，本文重点介绍了扫描电镜与能谱仪的工作原理与应用，以及对试验样品的要求和身背的安装与验收的程序。

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is utilized with solid carbon dioxide (CO2) seeding material to conduct boundary layer measurements in the test section of the Air Force Research Laboratory’s Trisonic Gas-dynamics Facility (TGF), which has a 24 inch by 24 inch cross-section. Freestream velocity was set at Mach 0.3, Mach 0.5, or Mach 0.8 while stagnation pressure ranged from 500 to 2400 pounds per square foot (psf). High pressure liquid CO2 was directed through expansion nozzles into shroud tubes which led to solidified particles in the wind tunnel stagnation chamber. Two different sets of shroud tubes were used to modify the size of dry ice particles produced and the particle number density. Shroud tubes with an inside diameter (ID) of 0.824 inches provided good particle count and coverage for stagnation pressures between 500 and 1500 psf, while 0.364 inch ID shroud tubes demonstrated good particle count and coverage for stagnation pressures over 1000 psf. Overall, the PIV results produced freestream velocity measurements and boundary layer profiles which compared well with expected values. After initial processing, turbulence data closely followed trends expected within boundary layer, but levels were somewhat higher than anticipated. When the PIV data was processed using elliptical interrogation regions, elongated in the streamwise direction, resulting turbulence levels were much closer to expectations.

In this paper we experimentally study the effect of collision properties of different particle systems on the bed dynamics of a spout fluidized bed. This is done for different flow regimes: the spout-fluidization regime (case A), the jet-in-fluidized-bed regime (case B) and the spouting-with-aeration regime (case C). The considered particle systems comprise glass beads, -alumina oxide and zeolite 4A particles, which are all classified as Geldart D. A nonintrusive measurement technique is used, viz. particle image velocimetry (PIV) to measure the particle flow field in a pseudo two-dimensional (2D) spout fluidized bed. Additionally, digital images are analyzed using a newly developed digital image analysis (DIA) algorithm to evaluate the particle volume fraction. It is demonstrated that the new proposed DIA algorithm provides reliable information on the particle volume fraction distribution, showing that it is a powerful tool when combined with PIV. The added value of DIA is confirmed by comparing the particle velocity fields and volumetric particle fluxes. The effect of the collision properties for glass beads, - alumina oxide and zeolite 4A particles has been studied in three flow regimes, i.e. the intermediate/spout-fluidization regime (case A), the jet-in-fluidizedbed regime (case B) and the spouting-with-aeration regime (case C). For each flow regime, the particle volume fraction shows small differences between the different particle systems. For the -alumina oxide and zeolite 4A particles, the spout channel is less stable for the cases A and C. The particle fluxes display also small differences between the particle systems for each flow regime.

The draft tube of a hydraulic turbine is the component where the flow exiting the runner is decelerated, thereby converting the excess of kinetic energy into static pressure. However, in some refurbishment cases, the installation of an upgraded runner with an old drafttube leads to an undesirable efficiency drop as the discharge is increased above the best efficiency point value. It is found to be related to a corresponding sudden variation in the draft tube pressure recovery coefficient at the same discharge. The model of a recent refurbishment which presents this instability is installed in the CREMHyG test rig. Steady and unsteady measurements of velocity and pressure fields of the complex and highly turbulent swirling flow exiting the runner have been carried out at CREMHyG (Grenoble). They included the three components of the velocity. The flow in the draft tube is rich in secondary flows and possible flow separation due to the elbow as well as to the divergent shape of this geometry. Pressure and velocity field measurements in the draft-tube have been performed. They let us identify some phenomena that may explain the origin of the unusual behavior of the draft tube. Finally, the same model, with a modified draft tube geometry that was designed to reduce the efficiency drop phenomenon has been installed. Velocity measurements were made to validate the benefit of such geometry modification.

达因特表面处理方案：经过等离子清洗样品后，用接触角测量仪量化处理效果:通过前面的实验，我们可以看出清洗前后的角度变化很大，由原来的 90°降到 9°，效果非常的明显，此时如果进行下一道工艺，那么他的效果会最佳，如果实验环境更好，那么实验的效果会更加，时效将会更长。

通过热重分析测试，我们可以得到材料热行为的很多重要的定量信息。简单的反应，如脱水过程，通过一个T G A 实验就可以很好的加以说明。为了阐明一个比较复杂的反应，T G A 经常与质谱仪（M S ）或红外（I R ）联用以鉴别样品在分解过程中所释放的气体。但是，对于比较复杂的材料，如合成初期得到的样品、聚合物、沥青等，它们降解时会产生气体的混合物。在这种情况下，采用MS 或FTIR 分析就很难对气体中的各个要素进行鉴别，而采用GC-MS 的联用系统则可以得到很多重要的信息。样品降解时，同时挥发出的气体可以先经过G C 进行分离，然后再经过M S 进行产物的鉴别。

This work focuses on the development of efficient computational tools for the simulation of turbulent multiphase polydispersed flows. In terms of methodologies we focus here on the use of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and Quadrature-Based Methods of Moments (QBMM). In terms of applications the work is finalised, in order to be applied in the future, to particle production processes (precipitation and crystallisation in particular). An important part of the work concerns the study of the flow field in a Confined Impinging Jets Reactor (CIJR), frequently used in particle production processes. The first part is limited to the comparison and analysis of micro Particle Image Velocimetry (μPIV) experiments, carried out in a previous work, and Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), carried out in this thesis. In particular the effects of boundary and operating conditions are studied and the numerical simulations are used to understand the experimental predictions and demonstrate the importance of unavoidable fluctuations in the experimental inlets.

颗粒尺寸分析仪用于测量颗粒的形状和大小分布。本分析仪用于实验室测试。样品必须手动取自目标产品的颗粒流，然后放置到分析仪测量器皿中。 采用计算机可视化技术进行分析，先对样品进行图像快照，并存贮于计算机中，然后对图像进行分析。

研究用不锈钢容器酸菜熬煮砷、汞、铅、镉、铬、镍、铜等元素的含量变化.以微波消解预处理样品,用ICP—MS、AFS测定熬煮后汤汁、酸菜样品中各元素含量.用不锈钢容器熬煮酸菜,可使锅体中铅、铬、镍、铜溶出较多,镉少量溶出,基本无砷、汞溶出.其中:汤料中铅、铬、镍、铜、镉含量分别增加了92.90%、4.66倍、57.53%和58.28%、25.00%;酸菜中铅、铬、镍、铜、镉含量分别增加了73.71%、1.54倍、71.23%和27.68%、20.78%.

仪器的测量原理是非常理想的状态（比如完全漫反射照明），但目视评估时的光源是非理想状态；仪器测量只给出颜色数据；但目视评估会同时感受到颜色和其它外观参数（比如光泽度和透明性）；仪器测量可能是单组数据，但目视评估可能是从不同方向看到多组结果。这种差异性的存在，将导致短期内很难完全解决色差数据与目视评估不一致的情况。我们希望利用现有的工具，通过合适的设置和方法，减少这种情况的发生。

拉曼光谱已经成为石墨烯的表征和改性研究中必不可少的工具，在石墨烯的层数、缺陷表征，以及掺杂、堆叠、层间嵌入、环境影响等方面的研究起着非常重要的作用。拉曼成像不仅可直观的表征不同层石墨烯层数的空间分布，还可以表征石墨烯掺杂、形变引起的拉曼峰位、峰形变化的分布。

为了完成整个弯曲测试方案，我们推荐使用包含弯曲测试应用的材料测试软件包，在进行3点弯曲测试时提供简单的测试设置和轻松的操作。测试软件将自动生成弯曲计算结果和测试曲线。先进的伺服控制电路提供灵敏的测试控制响应和精确的数据采集。数字卡尺还能够直接快速的和软件接口，用来作为裂缝测量的按钮操作输入。

This paper presents high speed Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) experiments on small-scale, steep, breaking waves forced by shoaling the waves up an angled slope to a level plateau, in a lidded tank with an initially quiescent air-side. Both spilling and plunging breakers are considered. A PIV system, using a high speed digital video camera at up to 500 frames per second, was used to obtain quantitative data on both the air and water side of the free surface interface. Waves are generated by a computer controlled, paddle-type wave maker at one end of long, narrow acrylic tank. In order to obtain breaking waves on a small scale, surface tension was lowered by mixing isopropyl alcohol with distilled water. Surface tension characteristics of the water-IPA mixture are also presented herein. To perform high speed PIV measurements, a low-cost, Lasiris Magnum, near-IR, TTL diode line generator laser is used to form the light sheet. To seed the water, traditional silver coated hollow-glass spheres were used. While seeding in the water was quite straight-forward, seeding in the air was quite complex. In order not to adversely affect the surface tension, a water-based fog was used to seed the air. Qualitative visualizations and PIV show the formation of the vortex aft of the breaking wave and reveal strong counterclockwise vorticity in the air side of the interface. Results for the plunging breaking wave case are presented herein and compared with numerical results from Hendrickson (2004).

The trajectory of the tip vortex of a reduced-scale, 1 m diameter, four-bladed rotor during hover is studied using vortex methods combined with a center of mass analysis approach. The objective is to develop analysis techniques capable of accurately characterizing the dynamical features of the unsteady wake produced by rotorcraft during hover, descent, ascent and forward flight conditions. Measurements of all three components of the velocity field are acquired using a stereo PIV system synchronized to capture up to 260◦ wake age of the vortex with 10◦ offsets during hover conditions. The nominal operating condition of the rotor is at a blade loading of CT / = 0.0645 and a rotational speed of 1240RPM, corresponding to Rec = 180,000. An area encompassing the 95% confidence region for the vortex jitter reveals a noticeable anisotropic, aperiodic pattern over all wake ages, which has not been previously observed. The principal axis of the vortex jitter also appears to align itself perpendicular to the slipstream boundary. An accurate characterization and prediction of the trajectory of the individual tip vortices can significantly enhance the ability to design rotors to meet specific performance targets such as reduction in fuselage vibrations, noise scattering and maneuvering noise as well as an alleviation in the resuspension of particles during brownout