其他检测

首先我们先了解一下湿热灭菌的原理： 压力蒸汽杀菌的原理主要是使蛋白质等生物分子变性。当高温高压的蒸汽与被灭 菌物品充分接触时释放出潜热，将被灭菌物品加热，加热使蛋白质分子运动加速，互 相撞击，可致连接肽链的副键断裂，使其分子由有规律的紧密结构变为无秩序的、散 温结构，大量的疏水基暴露于分子表面, 并互相结合成为较大的聚合体而凝固、沉淀。 蒸汽灭菌是通过不可逆的破坏酶和结构蛋白，从而杀灭微生物使物品达到灭菌。 1.按照灭菌原理分类：

首先，我们要了解粘度计的粘度测量，是一种相对测量方法。进行同一个样品的测量数据比 较，请务必使用相同量程的粘度计机型（LV、RV、HA、HB 等）以及相同的测量方法（包含 转子型号、转速、测试温度、读数时间等）；否则，同一样品的测试结果可能会有很大的差 异。

光子晶体（photonic crystal）的概念起源于 1987 年，由科学家 S.John 和 E.Yablonovitch 提出并定义。 光子晶体是一种由不同折射率的介质周期性排列而形成的人工微结构。介电系数在空间上的周期性变化伴随着空间折射率的周期性变化，当介电系数的变化足够大且其变化周期与光波长同步时，光波会产生带状结构，即光子能带结构（photonic band structures）。 频率落在光子能带中的电磁波或光是禁止传播的，于是这些频率的光会被反射出来，成为人们观察到的颜色。被禁止的频率区间就被称为光子频率带隙（photonic band gap），也叫光禁带，人工合成的具有光禁带的物质被称为光子晶体，它的颜色通常被称为光子晶体的结构色（structure color）。

旋转蒸发仪在进行分离纯化的过程中，要考虑到目的产物在高温下会出现变性或分子结构损坏的情况。因此需要到较低的温度下进行分离纯化。在较低的温度下形成分离试剂的饱和蒸气压，需要借助真空泵进行抽真空。通过对真空度的控制，可以在目的产物变性的安全温度以下对混合溶剂进行快速分离提纯。

背散射电子（Backscattered electron -BSE）图像会体现有关样品材料衬度的信息。利用背散射电子探测器（BSD）获取样品图像的质量会受到很多因素的影响，如样品的电导率，形貌，样品成分，BSD探测器类型以及电子器件等。

能谱仪（EDS），主要是对材料微区化学成分进行定性及定量分析，可以用于金属、高分子、陶瓷、混凝土、生物、矿物、纤维等无机或有机固体材料分析等。库赛姆台式镜可与 Bruker，ThermoFisher，EDAX，Oxford 等能谱仪厂家合作，有针对性的满足您的需求。

目前，利用仪器设备来进行文物的修复保护研究工作已经成为一种趋势，我国博物馆在 20 世纪 90 年代以后也开始添置仪器设备，进行文物修复保护研究工作，例如国家博物馆研究重点在金属文物保护研究方面、故宫博物院研究重点在瓷器研究方面。博物馆根据自身馆藏的特点及避免重复性，实验室把重点放在了丝织品的保护修复上。

当电子束与样品相互作用时，会产生背散射电子（BSE）和二次电子（SE）。通过检发射信号可获得样品表面的成分衬度像（背散射电子）和表面形态像（二次电子）。背散射电子和二次电子是如何形成的，为什么它们携带特定的样品信息？此外，能否在一幅图像中同时获得成分和形态信息？

镀层充当一个导电通道，使充电电子可以从材料中转移走。 溅射喷金的样品制备技术可用于提高图像的质量和分辨率。由于其优良的高导电性，在扫描电镜成像时，溅射材料可以增加信噪比，从而获得更好的成像质量。

摘要 本文研究了以MTB为显色剂、CTMAB为增溶增敏剂，利用系数补偿和双峰双波长的两次分光光度法，同时测定铝（Ⅲ）和铁（Ⅱ）的实验条件，线性范围Al:0～25μg/25mL、Fe:0～30μg/25mL，该法用于合成水样和硅石试样的测定，结果令人满意。 关键词 铝 铁 双波长分光光度法

本文以科学的观点和文献资料分析介绍了目前分光光度色彩色差仪采用的不同光源的不同特征，驳斥了因自身的潜在缺陷而在并不十分重要的光源问题上大做文章而导致的对用户不负责任的误导，本文对用户选择适合自己使用的，价廉物美的色彩色差仪有一定的帮助。

光学气体成像（OGI）用红外热像仪采用光谱波长过滤和高品质冷却器冷过滤技术将VOC/碳氢化合物，氟化硫制冷剂、一氧化碳，以及其它光谱吸收与热像仪响应值匹配的气体显示出来。

材料表面镀金镀碳的原因主要有两个，一个是避免材料荷电。所谓荷电其实就是入射电子的量大于产生的背散射电子和二次电子的数量，从而导致在材料表面形成电子的富集（产生负电位）。由于负负相斥的原理，使得后面的入射电子不能在材料表面会聚，产生一系列的后果，例如聚焦不太容易聚清楚。因此要得到满意的形貌，应该在材料表面形成一个有效的电子通路，即在样品台和材料表面有导电通路。另一个原因是增加背散射电子和二次电子发射率，使图像信噪比增强。如左图为一万倍喷金效果，右图为同样样品一万倍不喷金效果。

自动拼图（Automated Image Mapping）软件（图1）选件是飞纳电镜的又一功能强大的实用软件。其主要优势总结如下： 大范围内自动收集多张图片 生成大面积视野的图片 自动生成高分辨率、高清晰度大图 操作简单，“选择区域”然后“扫描”即完成

从断口宏观特征、材质、断口电镜形貌以及微观组织等方面对发生断裂的氢气预热器连接螺栓进行了分析 ,结果表明 ,螺栓断口腐蚀产物为单纯的 FeS晶粒。根据高温硫腐蚀机理分析 ,确定该连接螺栓的断裂是一起典型的高温硫环境下的应力腐蚀开裂失效案例 ,主要是由于工作介质中含有硫化氢或者硫蒸汽所致。建议提高材料等级 ,采用 0Cr18N i10Ti不锈钢螺栓 ,以解决腐蚀问题。

详细介绍 CeB6 灯丝，以及 CeB6灯丝与钨灯丝的差异。 六硼化铈灯丝类似于透射电镜中常用的六硼化镧灯丝，其亮度为钨灯丝的10倍，电子源尺寸更小，单色性更强，有利于在样品上形成更小更亮的电子束斑，得到的电镜图片分辨率更高，信噪比更强。

1964年安德森发明六级生物采样器200-400个孔,被推荐作为空气微生物采集的标准,被认为是最具可操作性,性能可靠的仪器.这篇文章详细描述的他的设计过程,类型,数据分析方法等.

摘要：论述了氯离子化气相色谱仪的原理、构造以及与该仪器应j{{密切相关的多种影响囡素．同时还舟绍了谊投 嚣的广泛应用以丑在分析测试中的一些技巧，尤其是在气体工业和半导体制造工业所用化学品的分析 关键词：氦离子化；气相色谱；痕量分析

安捷伦的纳米压痕仪是压痕仪的国家行业标准，具有最高的精度和稳定性，用户数量最多。 安捷伦的纳米压痕仪是压痕仪的国家行业标准，具有最高的精度和稳定性，用户数量最多。

采用美国Artium 公司的PDI-200型相位多普勒粒子干涉仪，对燃气轮机燃烧室新型双相空气喷射器喷雾的液滴粒径和SMD的空间分布及其与燃料的位置关系进行了实验测量研究。

用立陶宛Ekspla公司的皮秒振动和频光谱系统，对纳米黄金颗粒和蛋白质分子吸附相互作用的现象进行了理论和实验研究

采用立陶宛Ekspla公司的PL2201JE型千赫兹高重复频率皮秒脉冲激光器的二倍频355nm输出的激光束，聚焦后和电压脉冲交替施加在钨金属靶上，观察所产生离子的飞行时间谱特征。

采用美国Artium公司的机载相位多普勒粒子干涉仪（PDI）飞行探头。测量暖积云中微小水液滴的粒径和速度，并据此得出液态水含量LWC数据。探头悬挂安装在双水獭飞机机翼下。在空中飞行状态下，对云层进行测量。

采用美国Artium公司的无光纤式集成化DPSSL半导体泵浦的固体激光器构成的相位多普勒干涉仪测量系统，测量高速空气流中两个空气雾化喷嘴的喷雾中的液滴粒径和速度，并研究了其相互作用规律。

采用Ekspla公司的Atlantic型号工业级皮秒激光器，利用266nm输出，进行了有机小分子量子点发射的在线光致图案生成的研究

The following chapter presents the basics of ellipsometry and discusses some recent advances. The article covers the formalism and theory used for data analysis as well as instrumentation. The treatment is also designed to familiarize newcomers to this ßeld. The experimental focus is on adsorption layers at the air-water and oil-water interface. Selected examples are discussed to illustrate the potential as well as the limits of this technique. The authors hope, that this article contributes to a wider use of this technique in the colloidal physics and chemistry community. Many problems in our ßeld of science can be tackled with this technique.

The latest issue of the journal Measurement Science and Technology is focusing on uncertainty quantification in Particle Image Velocimetry The need to put an uncertainty band on a PIV vector has long been missing in the PIV community. In recent years, several methods that address this need have emerged in the literature. For this reason, Measurement Science and Technology is addressing uncertainty quantification in PIV with its recent issue. In addition to an editorial written by Prof. Kenneth T. Christensen and Prof. Fulvio Scarano, this issue contains four papers dealing with uncertainty quantification in Particle Image Velocimetry. Three of these papers are from LaVision and its research collaboration partners. These papers are (1) the introduction of the correlation statistics (CS) method, (2) the creation of an experimental database for evaluating existing PIV uncertainty methods, (3) a detailed comparison of existing PIV uncertainty methods (using this database). Please find more information about the latest issue here. Share this article:

Refrigerated air curtains are used in supermarket display cases to keep warm ambient air from entering the refrigerator case. Entrainment of ambient air into the curtain by shear layer mixing contributes to both the sensible and the latent heat load on the cases. In order to reduce this entrainment, a closer look at the air curtain is undertaken here. Particle Image Velocimetry was used to examine idealized air curtains of various Reynolds and Richardson numbers. The air curtain entrainment was seen to be dominated by eddies that engulfed ambient air into the air curtain. For the isothermal (Ri=0) curtains, it was observed that the air curtain dynamics and entrainment were not sensitive to Reynolds number variation between Re=3800 and Re=8500. At low air velocities (Re=1500), the curtain was found to detach, leading to extremely high entrainment rates. Variations in Richardson number of the curtain affected the flow at the curtain inlet most dramatically, where the acceleration of gravity caused the curtain to neck inwards. The overall thermal entrainment was shown to reduce with reducing Reynolds number, implying that a reduction in air curtain entrainment could be achieved by reducing the air velocity of the curtain, as long as air curtain integrity is maintained.

This research investigated multiple detonation diffraction events in order to better understand the limits and benefits of diffraction strategies with respect to pulse detonation engine design. Hydrogen/air detonations were generated using swept ramp obstacles in a 1.27 m long channel with a cross section of 25.4 mm by 88.9 mm and were diffracted into various multiple-stepped openings. This allowed the detonation wave diffraction transmission limits to be determined for hydrogen/air mixtures and to better understand reinitiating mechanisms throughout the diffraction process. Tests were conducted for area ratios ranging from 2.00–2.60 with varying equivalence ratios from 0.5–1.5. Computational methods were used to better understand the diffraction phenomenon using a series of sensitivity studies for different chemistry sets, computational cell size and equivalence ratio. Experimental tests used combined optical shadowgraph and particle image velocimetry imaging systems to provide shock wave detail and velocity information. The images were observed through a newly designed explosive proof optical section and split flow detonation channel. It was found that area ratios of 2.0 could survive single and double diffraction events over a range an equivalence ratio range of 0.8 to 1.14 Area ratios of 2.3 survived the primary diffraction event for equivalence ratios near stoichiometric for the given step length. Detonation diffraction for area ratios of 2.6 did not survive the primary diffraction event for any equivalence ratio and were unable to transmit to a larger combustor.

The trajectory of the tip vortex of a reduced-scale, 1 m diameter, four-bladed rotor during hover is studied using vortex methods combined with a center of mass analysis approach. The objective is to develop analysis techniques capable of accurately characterizing the dynamical features of the unsteady wake produced by rotorcraft during hover, descent, ascent and forward flight conditions. Measurements of all three components of the velocity field are acquired using a stereo PIV system synchronized to capture up to 260◦ wake age of the vortex with 10◦ offsets during hover conditions. The nominal operating condition of the rotor is at a blade loading of CT / = 0.0645 and a rotational speed of 1240RPM, corresponding to Rec = 180,000. An area encompassing the 95% confidence region for the vortex jitter reveals a noticeable anisotropic, aperiodic pattern over all wake ages, which has not been previously observed. The principal axis of the vortex jitter also appears to align itself perpendicular to the slipstream boundary. An accurate characterization and prediction of the trajectory of the individual tip vortices can significantly enhance the ability to design rotors to meet specific performance targets such as reduction in fuselage vibrations, noise scattering and maneuvering noise as well as an alleviation in the resuspension of particles during brownout