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本方案让用户清晰了解超低温冰箱一些异常故障知识，及时处理问题。减少不必要的人力物力，甚至金钱上的损失.更好的使用低温冰箱，延长设备的使用寿命。为用户创造更大更多的财富。

在实验室待过的小伙伴都会知道，偶尔会出现冻干样品有问题的情况，例如冻干表面起皮、冻干样品萎缩等，很多人都以为这些问题是因为冻干机引起，其实不然，影响冷冻干燥过程的因素很多，而且各因素问存在相互作用。

UV-VIS-NIR微型光纤光谱仪价格适中、体积小巧、功能灵活，对光伏材料研究和质量控制而言，是一款极具吸引力的分析工具。典型应用包括分析太阳能电池材料的光学性质，对用于光伏板检测的太阳能模拟装置进行光谱辐射测量，以及光伏板生产的质量控制。

LAUDA TecInfo Constant Temperature Equipment No. 9 Accurate Temperature Control When Determining Vapour Pressure Curves The vapour pressure of liquids plays a significant role in technology. Technical processes and process components can be improved using vapour pressure data. The more accurately the vapour pressure can be determined, the better it is possible to optimise processes and gain a deeper physical understanding of the procedures. In the faculty of applied chemistry at the Georg-Simon-Ohm University in Nuremberg, a measuring set-up has been developed, which allows dynamic measurement of the vapour pressures of various liquids. For accurate readings, precise temperature control during measuring is decisive.

确定MOFs材料和其他微孔材料的储氢性能是现代推进氢经济的一个重要任务。在发展氢燃料电池中，得到有效的储氢方法是一个非常重要的方面。而在压缩氢气中，单位质量上能量密度很高，单位体积上的能量密度很低，因此不利于氢气储存。以液态形式储氢（大气压下20K）也不利用节能。只有将氢气通过被吸附，存储在固体材料里是最好的选择，比压缩的气态氢需要的体积小，所需的能源消耗也比液化氢气少得多。由于能够获取高氢能量密度和吸附的可逆性，将氢气作为吸附气，高压注入到高比表面的MOFs材料表面进行储存是一种非常理想的过程。本文主要使用美国麦克的高压气体吸附仪HPVA研究了由BASF生产的四种MOFs材料的储氢性能。

In this work the influence of the internal flow field on the liquid film was investigated. A strategy for reliable PIV measurements inside of nozzle channels with a height of only a few hundred micrometers and at flow velocities of several m/s has been developed. These PIV measurements provided 2 dimensional snapshots of the velocity field inside the nozzle as well as velocity- and fluctuation-profiles across the channel. The development of the channel flow could be observed along the channel length at laminar and partly turbulent flow conditions. Disturbances were introduced to the flow field by inserting a wire into the channel flow. PIV measurements showed the resulting change of the nozzle flow (in the wake of the wire and without wire, respectively). The resulting effects on the free liquid film were observed using back-lit photographs and perpendicular lightsections through the film surface. In the case of the undisturbed nozzle, velocity fluctuations occurred mainly in the boundary layer and the fluctuations in main streamwise direction were dominant. The free liquid film of this nozzle was smooth at the exit and only at higher Re numbers the growth of surface waves could be observed further downstream. The nozzle with inserted wire showed a high level of velocity fluctuation in the center of the flow. Here, the fluctuations normal to the walls were of the same magnitude as the fluctuations in streamwise direction. The liquid film of this nozzle was roughened directly below the nozzle exit, even at low Re numbers. The high level fluctuations normal to the wall are assumed to play the dominant role in this process. These measurements demonstrate the influence of the internal flow field on the liquid sheet. The results of the present work agree well with recent experiments of Heukelbach and Tropea [1] and supplement the existing experimental data which for example can be used as input or validation of numerical simulations.

Auto-ignition phenomena with relevance to lean premixed prevaporised (LPP) combustion have been investigated with laser-optical methods. A generic mixing reactor with optical access was set up, offering the possibility to observe the reaction within a droplet laden hot air flow (up to 1100 K) at elevated pressure levels (0.8 MPa). The measurements aim at a detailed understanding of the local conditions under which auto-ignition and combustion occur in the mixing duct. The onset of chemical reactions in the fuel-air mixture was imaged by planar laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) of formaldehyde (CH2O). Formaldehyde is formed during reaction progress leading to auto-ignition and consecutively consumed during combustion. Simultaneous imaging of droplet Mie scattering was applied to study the correlation of their location with the ignition. Furthermore, the chemiluminescence signal of the flame was analysed, using a high-speed ICCD camera system, in order to track the propagation of the individual ignition spots.

气相二氧化硅（气相白炭黑）是极其重要的高科技超微细无机新材料之一，具有多孔性，耐高温，无毒无味无污染，广泛应用于医药、化工、食品等领域，硅羟基含量是其产品性能的一个重要指标。本实验采用氢氧化钠滴定法，通过CT-1Plus自动滴定并在分析结束后自动计算出样品的表面羟基含量。

全新的 Agilent 1290 Infinity 二维液相色谱解决方案让您可以根据样品的复杂程度选择合适的分离性能。只需轻轻转下旋钮，即可在一维超高效液相色谱 (UHPLC) 和具有超高色谱性能的二维液相色谱之间进行选择。此外，安捷伦的解决方案也将二维液相色谱的易操作性提升至新的高度，帮助您通过中心切割、多中心切割或全二维分析快速获取正交数据。

针对喷雾对象，基于结构化平面激光照明成像SLIPI技术，采用LaVision公司的SprayMaster测量系统，对喷雾对象的粒径，浓度和温度分布进行了测量。同时采用美国Artium公司的PDI-TK2 相位多普勒粒子干涉仪，对粒径测量结果进行了标定。

许多前瞻性科技技术，例如粒子加速器、核聚变反应堆或 EUV 光刻技术都必须依赖高真空或超高真空。为了制造出这种持续的真空环境，并且维持在一定的真空度下，我们需要的不仅仅是能满足应用和技术规格的泵。同样重要的是需要在真空环境下对表面释放出的残余杂质进行精确的气体分析的仪器。然而，无论是设备的运营方，还是真空设备的制造商都需要仔细研究产品的特性、材料、及在真空环境中的表面处理和清洁方法。 Pfeiffer Vacuum 丰富多样的产品组合为此类系统提供所有必要组件。Pfeiffer Vacuum 作为完整解决方案供应商为客户定制完美的残余气体分析设备。 在残余气体分析中真空系统用于： ■ 为高真空或超高真空选择合适的材料 ■ 检查电子构件、开关组和电缆在真空中的表现 ■ 评选适合的表面处理、镀膜合金材料 ■ 评估部件的清洗程序 ■ 检查真空烘烤程序 ■ 工艺控制 Pfeiffer Vacuum 系统不仅为高真空和超高真空设备的运行方，还为真空部件的制造商提供优秀的残余气体分析解决方案。Pfeiffer Vacuum 也在本部使用残余气体分析，以便在开发和生产中测试其产品、表面处理和清洗程序的出气情况。以此确保 Pfeiffer Vacuum 产品适用于高真空和超高真空环境。此外，还可以检查涡轮分子泵的电机和前级真空部件的脱气状况。

使用 2.1 × 50 mm, 1.9 μm Agilent InfinityLab Poroshell 120 色谱柱在 0.3 分钟内即可实现十种化合物的基线分离，最低分离度达 2.2。相比在 Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18，4.6 × 250 mm，5 μm 色谱柱上进行的相同分析，InfinityLab Poroshell 色谱柱能够使分析速度提高 120 倍，并节省 98% 的流动相。两种色谱柱具有相似的选择性，可轻松实现方法转移。

The three-dimensional behavior of flow transition in circular and 6-chevron jets at Re?000 is investigated with experiments conducted on a free water jet by time-resolved tomographic particle image velocimetry. The emphasis is on the unsteady organization of coherent flow structures, which play a role in the generation of acoustic noise. Shedding and pairing of vortices are the most pronounced phenomena observed in the near field of the circular jet. The first and second pairing amplify the axial pulsatile motion in the jet column and lead to the growth of azimuthal waves culminating in the breakup of the vortex ring. Streamwise vortices of axial and radial vorticity are observed in the outer region and move inward and outward under the effect of the vortex rings. In the jet with chevrons, the axisymmetric ring-like coherence of the circular jet is not encountered. Instead, streamwise flow structures of azimuthal vorticity emanate from the chevron apices, and counter-rotating streamwise vortices of axial and radial vorticity develop from the chevron notches. The decay of streamwise vortices is accompanied by the formation of C-shaped structures. The three-dimensional analysis allows quantifying the vortex stretching and tilting activity, which, for the circular jet exit, is related to the azimuthal instabilities and the streamwise vortices connecting the vortex rings. In the chevron jet, stretching and tilting peak during the formation of C-structures. Following Powell抯 aeroacoustic analogy, the spatial distribution of the source term is mapped, evaluating the temporal derivative of the Lamb vector. The spatio-temporal evolution of such source term is visualized revealing that the events of highest activity are associated with the processes of vortex-ring pairing and vortex-ring disruption for the circular jet, and with the decay of streamwise instabilities and the formation of C-shaped structures for the chevron case.

如何让实验室内部审核易于操作，避免流于形式，本文讲解实验室内部审核的方法与技巧，希望能对实验室内审工作有所帮助。如何让实验室内部审核易于操作，避免流于形式，本文讲解实验室内部审核的方法与技巧，希望能对实验室内审工作有所帮助。

上海伯东氦质谱检漏仪客户案例: 单次 40m3冻干机制冷系统检漏, 漏率要求 1x10-8 mbarl/s. 采用氦质谱检漏仪的真空法对怀疑有漏的地方, 如法兰, 焊缝, 接口等部位检漏

选购冷冻干燥机，要注重看以下几个参数，拓纷在此做个简单介绍，希望能帮助您更好地选择合适机型。1、冻干面积 2、冷阱温度 3、降温速率等等

在进行UPC2方法开发时，进样溶剂的影响是一个极其重要的考虑因素。本指南为使用ACQUITY UPC2系统进行分离时，根据分析物和固定相性质选择合适的进样溶剂并提供通用性指导。

对AAS仪器的关键部件光源、分光系统与光电检测器件以及实验室研发的CS-AAS仪器装置，近年来取得的进步进行了评述，结合2004年由德国Analytik jena AG 公司在世界上首次推出ContrAA 300型顺序扫描连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱商品仪器，对CS-AAS仪器装置的发展现状与未来作了分析讨论。此外，还对二极管激光器光源进入AAS领域后引起的变化和各种小型、微型原子化器的出现所兴起小型专用AAS实验仪器装置，以及一次测量背景校正技术的商品化等等作了介绍。

HORIBA Scientific提供的TemPro系统，采用功能强大的时域技术，可以测量宽范围荧光寿命（皮秒至秒范围），满足荧光和磷光寿命的测定。TemPro具有光源易替换的特点，脉冲激光二管覆盖宽范围波长（255nm至近红外区）；可升级发射单色仪，实现时间分辨发射谱（TRES）的测量；配合偏振器，测定荧光各向异性。

粒子加速器运行的一个重要因素是可靠且强大的真空系统。而像LHC这样非同寻常的机器对内置真空技术有着非常特殊的要求。极小误差可能导致整个加速器停止运行数小时。因此，整套真空系统必须是非常可靠的。此外，加速器中使用的所有设备必须能够承受高达1,000 Gy/a的辐射水平。而进行这些复杂测量的设备不能离开加速器的辐射区。因此，能在现场进行设备维护显得至关重要。 为满足这些高要求，普发真空与CERN合作，对真空获得、真空测量和真空分析研发并实践了一套定制的真空解决方案。 真空获得 LHC分两种真空系统: 电子束真空和隔离真空。两种应用中都用到了普发真空的涡轮分子泵。这些泵经改进后都可以满足LHC的特殊要求。为了能在辐射环境中运行，泵体中都不能使用电子元件。要满足这些要求，普发真空研发了无传感器驱动概念，实现了泵的机械部件与电子部件的隔离。采用这一概念，电子部件可以放置在离真空泵1,000 m以外的地方，并定位在一个保护区域内。 真空测量 普发真空专门研发了特殊的测量设备，用来测量获得的真空。这些使用的设备是改进的皮拉尼和冷阴极真空计。它们用来长期监测加速器内的压力，并确保当压力增加时可以采取适当的行动。由于真空计同样暴露于高水平辐射中，它们被制造成无源传感器，没有集成的电子设备。所有电子设备都被安置在一个辐射安全区域内，并且经由长电缆连接至无源传感器。这些电缆通过精确的指令与CERN密切连接。这使冷阴极真空计可以测量达10-11 hPa的压力。通过一种特殊的点火过程，冷阴极真空计即使在压力非常低的情况下，也可以轻易打开。由于加速器的寿命约为30到40年，因此，只有采用寿命长的电子元件。 氦检漏 对LHC要求的超高真空压力，加速器使用的部件必须确保极低的漏率。因此，在安装部件之前，必须进行全方位的检漏。针对检漏，CERN采用了ASM系列检漏仪。使用这些设备，即使是细微到的10-13 Pa·m3/s 的泄漏也可以有效地被检测出来。 真空分析 除压力外，残余气体的组成也是加速器正常运行的一个重要因素。使用残余气体光谱仪，可以得出加速器内使用材料脱气相关的结论。为获得残余气体光谱，CERN采用了普发真空的质谱仪。对于超高真空中的残余气体测量，质谱仪分析仪本身具有较低的脱气率是非常重要的。除了真空退火离子源外，CERN使用的普发分析仪也拥有真空退火棒系统。使用这一方法，分析仪将产生一个极低的背景信号，尤其方便记录加速器内实际残余气体的比例。

WIGGENS系列真空干燥箱安全性能优异，含有易燃性溶剂情况下可以安全进行干燥。真空干燥箱和真空泵，是有严格先后启动顺序。

水冷式螺杆冷水机组和溴化锂冷水机组是目前国内外空调系统中常用的冷源之一，其各具优缺点。水冷式螺杆冷水机组以电力为动力，对于电力紧张地区而言，单位电价较高，造成整机运行费用相对较高。

We report particle image velocimetry measurements of the collision of a vortex ring with a heated wall kept at constant temperature. We consider the case when both the vortex ring and the thermal boundary layer generated by the vertical heated wall are stable and laminar prior to any interaction. The impingement process can be divided into two parts. sid A ring-driven stage, where the vortex ring grows in diameter while approaching the wall and therefore it sweeps progressively an increased surface on the wall. siid A boundary layer-driven stage, where the vortex ring moves upward due to the thermal convective motion generated by the heated wall. In some cases, the head-on collision triggers the ring’s azimuthal instability as revealed by the formation of vortical structures arranged on a wavy starlike pattern and confirmed by flow visualizations. A single collision generates important velocity gradients and shear stresses along the wall accompanied with the creation of local vorticity normal to the vertical heated wall. Peak wall shear stresses occur near the point of impact of the vortex ring core.

Dripping convective instabilities develop under a cold thermal boundary layer when the local Rayleigh number exceeds a critical value Rac (Howard, 1966). Their 86 Interaction of two scales of thermal convection in viscous fluids interaction with a shear flow is studied experimentally in a cavity heated from one vertical wall and cooled from above. Rayleigh numbers range between 104 and 108, and Prandtl numbers are greater than 1000. Within this parameter range, a hot horizontal jet develops under the cold boundary. The instabilities dripping from the latter are therefore sheared by the flow and remain trapped in the jet, following a helicoidal path with axis parallel to the jet flow. For high jet velocities compared to the dripping velocity, 2D steady rolls prevail, while for low jet velocities, a 3D structure is observed. A phase diagram and scaling laws for the flow characteristics are determined.

EBSD 改变了以往结构分析的方法，并形成了全新的科学领域，称为“显微织构”——显微组织和晶体学分析相结合。与“显微织构”密切联系的是应用 EBSD 进行相分析、获得界面（晶界）参数和检测塑性应变。目前，EBSD 技术已经能够实现全自动采集微区取向信息，数据采集速度快，分辨率高，为快速高效的定量统计研究材料的微观组织结构和织构奠定了基础，因此已成为材料研究中一种有效的分析手段。

材料的表面性能对其应用有很大的影响，动态接触角的测试能够提供固体材料表面诸如亲/疏水性、结构可调性、均匀性等信息。本文研究动态接触角测试的影响因素、测试条件。从原理出发介绍了当前使用较多的吊片法测试动态接触角的技术，并从理论计算和实验测试两方面联合研究影响吊片法测试动态接触角的影响因素

创新概念 SplitFlow™是由普发真空开发的利用一个模块去实现涡轮牵引泵的功能，从而为系统制造商提供了最大的灵活性。该泵的开发要求在单一真空系统内结合了精确的几何适应性和优异的性能。尤其是在不断增加的复杂性和台式装置趋势方面，这种概念完全符合市场要求和客户需要。除了纯粹的几何适应性以外，还需要满足特定的真空技术参数。例如，通过结合不同的抽气原理（例如，结合涡轮分子泵和霍尔威克压力级），允许的前真空压力将明显提高，同时压 缩性能将提高几个数量级。通过巧妙地设计转子几何形状，可以产生多达三个不同的泵级，它们的定向方式只会部分地相互影响。这样的布置使得可以代替两台离散式高真空泵和一台机械前级泵。 这样的设计甚至可以实现完全整合到分析仪器的真空室中。这需要系统制造商和真空供应商从一开始就进行密切合作。设计阶段完善建议非常重要。取决于系统的配置，结果往往可以为真空系统减少大约50%的空间，而且节省成本超过50%。通过取消离散式抽吸装置、采用标准泵批量生产的研究结果，如今可以达到超过100,000小时MTTF（平均无故障时间）的泵可靠性。 通过优化的轴承技术可以实现高度的可靠性，这种技术采用无需维护的磁悬浮轴承和精确球轴承在两侧定位快速旋转的转子，从而可以有效减震。 泵补充配套有相应的电子驱动单元以及一系列的附件。对于涡轮分子泵的计算机控制一体化，提供标准化的界面。由于其特殊布局，这些泵只需要一个空气冷却系统，这意味着，可以省去附加的水冷却和其他装置费用。

The shear layer instability in the flow between two counter-rotating disks enclosed by a cylinder is investigated experimentally and numerically, for radius-to-height ratio Γ =R/h between 2 and 21. For sufficiently large rotation ratio, the internal shear layer that separates two regions of opposite azimuthal velocities is prone to an azimuthal symmetry breaking, which is investigated experimentally by means of visualization and particle image velocimetry. The associated pattern is a combination of a sharpcornered polygonal pattern, as observed by Lopez et al. (2002) for low aspect ratio, surrounded by a set of spiral arms, first described by Gauthier et al. (2002) for high aspect ratio. The spiral arms result from the interaction of the shear layer instability with the Ekman boundary layer over the faster rotating disk. Stability curves and critical modes are experimentally measured for the whole range of aspect ratios, and are found to compare well with numerical simulations of the three-dimensional timedependent Navier–Stokes equations over an extensive range of parameters. Measurements of a local Reynolds number based on the shear layer thickness confirm that a shear layer instability, with only weak curvature effect, is responsible for the observed patterns. This scenario is supported by the observed onset modes, which scale as the shear layer radius, and by the measured phase velocities.

Introduction Particle image velocimetry (PIV) has proven its strength as a flow diagnostic tool to characterise instantaneous velocity fields and derived quantities such as vorticity. Recent efforts apply momentum conservation principles on planar velocity data in order to extract more quantities, such as pressure fields and integral aerodynamic forces. The theoretical concepts for this 憄lanar pressure imaging? (PPI) have been established and its practical implementation for steady (or time-averaged) flows under approximately 2D flow conditions has been demonstrated (e.g. Baur and K鰊geter 1999, Gurka et al. 1999, Oudheusden et al. 2007). The next challenge is to extend PPI to unsteady flows. This extension can be done on basis of time-resolved flow diagnostics such as time-resolved PIV (TR-PIV), cf. Kurtulus et al. 2007. Instantaneous pressure fields are particularly interesting in bluff-body flows and in fluid-structure interactions, both are important in e.g. wind-engineering applications. A serious complication in extending the planar approach is that flows tend to develop 3D instantaneous structures even for nominally 2D configurations, especially at larger Reynolds numbers.

几乎所有用核磁共振技术对物质结构和性质的分析方面，都要涉及到驰豫过程的特性及相应的驰豫时间的分析，并由它获取相关的信息。本文在结合讨论驰豫过程微观机制的基础上，阐明驰豫时间这个参数的重要的性质特征，然后重点分析研究核磁共振驰豫特性在油井储层中确定孔隙结构参数、在食品研究中分析食品品质、在医学诊断中判明病理病灶等方面的重要应用。