Managing the treatment and disposal of domestic sludge is an important activity and one that is highly regulated in many countries. After treatment, the effluent may be discharged leaving a mixture of water, organic solids and chemicals, nutrients, heavy metals, and inorganic ions. This sludge can be further treated and the resulting biosolids can then be applied to the land as a fertilizer, sent to landfill or incinerated. It is vital that the sludge or biosolids are tested and conform to regulatory levels in order to protect public health and the environment. The United States federal biosolids rule is contained in 40 CFR Part 503. The European Union Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC is expected to be revised as several Member States have enacted and implemented stricter limit values for heavy metals and set requirements for other contaminants. In this work, an Agilent 4200 MP - AES was used to deter mine major and minor elements in domestic sludge, following microwave digestion.

Release agents are applied as a liquid that forms a thin film coating to aid removal of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) parts from a mold or peel ply. This process, however, leads to inevitable contact transfer, causing release agent to remain on the part or repair. Before painting or bonding of the CFRP component to other structures, proper post-treatment to remove vaporizable components of the release agent is required. Improper or inadequate post-treatment leads directly to reduction of bond strength of joined parts or topcoat paint adhesion. The complexity of CFRP systems requires the use of new nondestructive analysis technologies such as FTIR spectroscopy, for the analysis of the surface matrix of the material. The primary objective of this application note is to demonstrate that FTIR spectroscopy can nondestructively measure the level of release agent on a carbon fiber epoxy system before bonding. The analysis uses an Agilent 4100 ExoScan FTIR. This handheld spectrometer enables in-situ inspection during manufacturing, in-service, or repair environments, or ex-situ in a laboratory. The analysis is accomplished in less than 1 minute and does not require any sample pretreatment. This work was part of a joint project commissioned by the European Union entitled ENCOMB (extended nondestructive testing of composite bonds) [1].

To prevent adsorption of sulfur compounds, deactivation of the stainless steel surface of the sample path is required for the analysis of low ppm levels. This application note shows the separation, low level detection, and analysis perfor- mance of hydrogen sulfide and carbonyl sulfide using the Agilent 490 Micro GC in combination with a fully deactivated sample inlet.

The importance of refrigerant composition analysis became clear when contami- nated and counterfeit refrigerant 1,1,1,2-tetrafluorethane (R134a) appeared on the market. Chloromethane (R40), present in this counterfeit R134a, is found to be incompatible with aluminum surfaces in the refrigerant system. A chemical reaction takes place resulting in a pyrophoric compound upon contact with air. This applica- tion note highlights fast, on-site characterization of the refrigerant mixture using the Agilent 490 Micro GC.

The elemental profile of river sediments provides valuable insight into the health of a river, as well as the wider environment. Some elements that are essential for the ecology of the river at trace levels e.g. manganese, copper and zinc, can be toxic at high concentrations. Traditionally, the concentration of elements in river sedi ments is determined via Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). This technique has the drawback of requiring expensive and hazardous gases such as acetylene and nitrous oxide and also requires element - specific sample preparation that adds time and cost to the analysis. The novel Agilent 4200 Microwave Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP - AES) is the ideal alternative for laboratories looking to transition away from FAAS to a higher performance, lower cost and safer technique. MP - AES is a fast sequential, multielement analytical technique that uses a microwave - induced nitrogen - based plasma for sample excitation. The use of nitrogen eliminates the need for acetylene and nitrous oxide, which can

Milk is one of the most important food commodities in the world and its consumption has grown, particularly in developing countries which have exp erienced strong economic growth and urbanization in recent decades. As a substantial source of several nutrients such as pr oteins, enzymes, fats, vitamins and essential elements (also known as minerals), mi lk plays a key role during all phases of human life. Rapid growth during infancy and early childhoo d creates high demand for the nutrients that milk provides. This development phase requir es a balanced amount of different elements, as mineral deficiencies may impair body devel opment whilst excessive mineral intake may increase the osmotic load and cause complicati ons in the developing kidneys of a child. Essential elements such as Ca, K, Mg, Na and P have several physiological functions in the tissue struct ure of humans and other animals, su ch as maintaining osmotic/electrolyte balance, and acting as a cofactor for many enzymes. Deficiencies in these essenti al elements causes disturbances

The conversion of Methanol to Olefins (MTO) is fast gaining momentum as an alternative a pproach to the production of light olefins (ethylene and propylene) over conventional meth ods such as naphtha steam and fluid catalytic cracking. Already commercially v iable in Chin a, MTO offers low costs of production by utilizing the abundant supply of methanol feedst ock produced from natural gas and coal. However, catalysts used during the MTO process are susceptible to deactivation by certain impurities in the methan ol feedstock. Major elem ents such as calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium present in methanol can interfere with catalytic activity during the MTO process. Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom etry (MP - AES) is becoming increasingly popular as a lowe r cost and safer alternative to Fla me Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) for multi - elemental analysis of organic samples. For labs handling organic solvents, the presence of the flame of an FAAS is a concern, req uiring constant supervision.

Acrylic-based coatings are produced in formulations to suit all the major markets within the coatings industry. Industrial, decorative, printing inks, powder, and wall coverings are some of the market areas where acrylic-based coatings are widely used. Water emulsion and film-forming acrylic-based coatings are of particular importance due to their relative high performance and extremely low volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. To ensure performance and longevity, it is critical to properly apply the correct acrylic coating in the substrate. Equally important is the ability to assess changes in the chemical composition of the coating under actual use. For this reason, a portable analyzer is of great interest to engineers who are responsible for ensuring that coatings meet their performance claims.

Protective coatings are commonly applied to automobiles, aircrafts, ships, railways,furniture, bridges, concretes, architectural constituents, industrial installations, and many other products that we encounter on a daily basis. Coating application in many of these products is primarily implemented to provide protection against harsh environments such as UV light, extreme temperatures, acid, alkali, salt, water, and so forth, and to improve the aesthetic appearance of finished products.A wide variety of coating formulations exist in the market; their use depends on the performance requirement of the final product. Coatings may be applied to the products as a primer basecoat, a mid-coat, or as the topcoat. For example, polyurethane coating is applied on top of epoxy primer coating to prevent the discoloration of epoxy from UV and to provide the specified color and sheen.

安捷伦利用二维液相色谱深入了解生物制药样品 安捷伦提供了整套解决方案，用于对产品稳定性和纯度作出可靠评估，以此为生物制药领域的发展提供支持。 Agilent 1290 Infinity 二维液相色谱解决方案采用灵活的软件和硬件，方法设置简单，使您的分离达到新水平。

了解安捷伦真正的全能型液相色谱检测方案 新型 Agilent 1290 Infinity ELSD 是唯一一款可在低温操作下对半挥发性化合物进行检测的蒸发光散射检测器，其分析性能无可匹敌。无论您是使用 UHPLC、LC/MS、GPC/SEC 还是 SFC 进行分析，它都是检测器的不二之选。

安捷伦用于药物代谢物鉴定及定量的强大解决方案 安捷伦致力于推出适合大多数应用的系列解决方案，辅以应用开发领域安捷伦无与伦比的独有专业技术，为 ADME/DMPK 研究提供鼎力支持。因此，我们当之无愧地成为制药公司以及合同研究组织 (CRO) 的优秀合作伙伴。

为保证获得优质的食品，您必须精确地检测出低含量的变质食品和掺假物并确认食品的来源及类别。 Agilent GC/MS、LC/MS 和 ICP-MS 仪器配备有功能强大的 Mass Profiler Professional 软件，可让您实现： 1，对食品样品高效、可靠的分析 2，高度自动化地运行单个软件平台 3，使用简单的方法对食品样品进行质谱分析

石油和天然气的勘探作业要求在很短的运行时间内对矿井样品中溶解的天然气做出分析。 本应用简报将介绍使用安捷伦微型气相色谱进行快速、准确的泥浆录井分析。使用安捷伦微型气相色谱进行钻井液样品测试已经被证明是一项出色的技术，可在井录领域中用于分析不同烃类气体，协助生成岩性报告。该仪器小巧的外观和运行过程的操作气体的低消耗为钻井作业提供了理想的解决方案。

天然气的组成与热值的测定是天然气生产与配送中最重要的环节，因为天然气的买卖价格与其能含量有关。本文将介绍Agilent 490 微型气相色谱天然气分析仪在分析天然气和热值计算方面的应用。490 微型气相色谱仪是安捷伦为实验室、在线和现场应用提供的理想解决方案。

在进样前对样品进行浓缩，可以大幅提高安捷伦490 微型色谱的检出限。首先使用带有富集和解吸单元（EDU）的样品浓缩仪将样品吸附到多孔的介质中，然后将被吸附的组分解吸并转移进入到微型气相色谱进行分离和检测。本应用报告介绍了一种使用EDU 样品浓缩仪分析BTEX 的方法，可以将检出限提高140 到200 倍。

沼气是一种可再生且可持续的能源，在全球范围内引起极大关注。该应用简报展示了利用Agilent 490 微型气相色谱沼气分析仪分析沼气及相关样品。根据沼气的组成提供了两种配置：Agilent 490 微型气相色谱沼气分析仪和增强型Agilent 490 微型气相色谱沼气分析仪，前者用于分析纯净沼气，后者则适用于分析混合有其他烃类气体（如天然气或液化石油气(LPG)）的沼气

当今，大量造成众多死亡的矿井事故时有发生。这一事实明确强调了矿井日常作业的早期危险预警或者矿难发生后对井下空气进行快速准确测定的重要性。本应用报告介绍了使用安捷伦490 Micro GC 配置四条独立色谱通道在100 秒内完成井下空气的现场快速分析。

生物质被认为是一种潜在的可再生和可持续的能源。Delft 科技大学对木本和农业生物质在循环式流化床反应器中的气化过程进行了研究。该研究使用Agilent 490 微型GC 对产物气体进行分析，使用COX 色谱柱分离永久性气体，使用CP-Sil 5CB 分离BTX 化合物。

天然气是一种主要由惰性气体和低分子量烃类组成的复杂混合物，可能含有硫化氢(H2S)和其它有机含硫化合物等杂质。一般说来，原料天然气都要经过处理去除大量含硫气体。此外，天然气中会加入叔丁硫醇(TBM) 或四氢呋喃(THT) 之类有气味的气体，人们可以嗅到它的存在。 气相色谱是分析天然气及其杂质的一项可靠技术。本应用简报展示了Elster 公司采用配备有多孔聚合物U 和CP-Sil 13 型色谱柱通道的微型气相色谱仪分离多种含硫化合物的结果。

这一应用报告展示了配备COX 色谱柱的Agilent 490 微型GC 的性能，包括对永久性气体的分离和反吹功能，确保延长色谱柱的寿命。

表征光学样品的一个常见方法是以单一入射角度 (AOI) 测量其反射或透射特性。但是，如果以 多 AOI 测量反射和/或透射能得到更完整的样品表征，可以更深入地了解样品的光学性质。 本应用简报介绍了 Cary 7000 全能型分光光度计 (UMS) 如何快速、自动地测量多 AOI 的绝 对镜面反射，也展示了三维 (3-D) 图和二维 (2-D) 等高线图进行数据可视化的价值。

本应用报告介绍使用Agielnt 490 微型GC 测定天然气中叔丁基硫醇（TBM）的方法。本应用使用CP-Sil 13 CB 色谱柱，其规格和相应的仪器条件可使天然气基质中的TBM 与其他化合物有效地分离。 Agilent 490 微型GC 和CP-Sil 13 CB 色谱柱联用，可使分析简单快速，叔丁基硫醇在60 秒内即可出峰，而整个分析的总时间也仅为100 秒。 Agilent 490 微型GC 提供了耐用、紧凑、便携的实验室级气体分析平台。您可依靠这一 第5 代微型气相色谱仪对气体混合物中的重要组分进行分析。

先进材料开发的进展产生了各种类型的聚合物、塑料、复合材料以及弹性体产品、组分及物体。虽然这一系列的材料都具有相似的结构，但由于配方的改变使得这些混合物具有不同的用途和磨损性能。因此，这些先进材料及商用物品的开发和制造推动了对分析方法和技术的需求，以便对这些材料的组成进行快速检验和确认。此外，随着组分来源日益全球化，保证其可靠性并检测伪造品、贴错标签或不符合指标的聚合物材料和组分是至关重要的。

保持高生产率、高利润率和高合规性的压力空前强大 产品质量和安全性、监管要求、价格驱动有效性以及环境管理对您的行业和实验室提出了更为 严格的要求。

Cereal-based and sucrose-coated infant cereals were ground, and the sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations were determined with the Agilent Cary 630 Fourier transform mid-infrared, FTIR, instrument and compared to values measured by HPLC. The results indicate that use of the portable FTIR instrument was in line with the HPLC measurements, and that the Cary 630 is suitable for real-time analysis of sugar concentration in breakfast cereals.

The degree of substitution for sulfobutyl ether b-cyclodextrin (SBE-b-CD) has historically been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, but this approach provides gross values for the degree of substitution. The capillary electrophoresis method described here resolves the mixture of positional and regional isomers based on the degree of sulfo butyl ether substitution. Indirect UV detection has been used, where the detection of cyclodextrin is accomplished by a decrease in background absorbance of the background electrolyte buffer benzoic acid. Ten peaks of SBE-b-CD were well resolved with an optimum pH of 8.0 using an Agilent 50 μm id, 56 cm length bare fused silica capillary. The system suitability requirements were passed as per United States Pharmacopeia (USP), and acceptence criteria for averge degree of substitution 6.2 to 6.9 were met.

植物的生长和发育在很大程度上依赖于矿物质营养元素的组成和浓度，这反映在植物的叶片和其它组织上。这些必需的营养元素可分为两类常量营养元素（对植物的结构起重要作用，需求量大）和微量营养元素（往往与植物的调控作用相关，需求量小）。营养元素缺乏或过多都可造成植物生长变缓、产量下降或质量降低。 火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS) 或电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES) 通常用于分析植物中的总金属含量。最近，许多农业检测实验室期望采用一种功能更加强大的技术来升级或更换自己的FAAS，把目光投向了具有诸多优势的微波等离子体-原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)。MP-AES 是一种多元素分析技术，与FAAS 相比，MP-AES 的检测限更低、分析范围更宽且能分析更多元素，包括土壤施肥中广泛使用的昂贵常量营养元素磷。

水是所有润滑油中需要检测的一种重要污染物。红外光谱 (FTIR) 是一种测量水的简单方法。但是，红外方法目前还不能满足润滑油行业所需的测量精度和范围。安捷伦科技公司攻克了关键的技术难题，开发了一种测量矿物油中水的方法。该方法使用 Agilent 5500t 光谱仪，可以测量矿物油中水的浓度，其精度和范围与行业标准的 Karl Fischer 方法相当。本文将讨论这种方法用于汽轮机油的测量，该方法也可用于基于矿物油的液压油及齿轮油的测量。

多环芳烃(PAH) 由稠合苯环体系组成，因此难以降解。它们通过在环境中的积聚以及烟熏等烹饪方法进入水生生物体内。通常高脂肪含量复杂食品基质中的PAH 分析极具挑战性，因为共萃取出的基质会以干扰物、基质效应和分析流路中的累积等形式影响定量分析的准确性。Agilent Bond Elut QuEChERS EMR-Lipid 增强型脂质去除产品为新一代样品前处理产品，可用于便捷的分散固相萃取(dSPE)中，实现高度选择性的基质去除且不影响分析物回收率。本文证明了这一样品前处理方法在进行三文鱼体内PAH分析中的有效性。此方法为各种浓度下的全部15种PAH化合物提供了出色的准确度（回收率为84% - 115%）和精密度（RSD 为0.5% - 4.4%），因此能够快速、稳定而有效地分析高脂肪含量样品。