本研究以虹鳟为研究对象，探讨其饲料组成饲喂水平影响粪便胆汁酸的流失，是否反映在脂肪的表观消化率（ADC）上。使用格哈特公司凯氏定氮仪测定虹鳟鱼鱼肉，及其粪便中蛋白质含量，使用格哈特公司海卓森Hydrotherm全自动超级酸水解结合索克森Soxtherm全自动快速索氏提取仪测定虹鳟鱼鱼肉，及其粪便中总脂肪含量。

使用格哈特全自动凯氏定氮仪用凯氏定氮法测蓬莪术干植株样品全氮含量。

使用格哈特公司凯氏定氮仪测定虹鳟鱼鱼肉，及其粪便中蛋白质含量，使用格哈特公司海卓森Hydrotherm全自动超级酸水解结合索克森Soxtherm全自动快速索氏提取仪测定虹鳟鱼鱼肉，及其粪便中总脂肪含量。

From each patient one biopsy was thawed. The thawed tissue was cut into two comparable parts and the wet weight of both parts was measured. Both parts were dried overnight at 100?C, after which they were weighed again in order to measure dry weights. One part was dissolved in nitric acid and consequentially diluted, and sodium content of this solution was measured by way of flame spectrometry. The other part was ashed to measure nitrogen via thermal conduction (Dumatherm Nitrogen/Protein analyzer, C. Gerhardt). Nitrogen content of the ashed biopsies was measured as a parameter for protein content of the tissue. This protein content was used to correct for subcutaneous fat, since the assumption was that sodium is stored in skin instead of in fat, and protein is largely absent from fat tissue. Sodium content of the skin is expressed as mmol sodium per mg dry weight or per mg protein. 从每个患者中解冻一个活检。将解冻的组织切割成两个可比较的部分，并测量两个部分的湿重。两个部分在100摄氏度干燥过夜，之后再次称重以测量干重。将一部分溶解在硝酸中并随后稀释，并且通过火焰光谱法测量该溶液的钠含量。另一部分用于通过热传导测量氮（格哈特公司 杜马森Dumatherm燃烧法全自动氮/蛋白质测定仪）。测量灰化后的活检的氮含量作为组织蛋白质含量的参数。这种蛋白质含量用于皮下脂肪，因为假设钠储存在皮肤中而不是脂肪中，并且脂肪组织中基本上不存在蛋白质。皮肤的钠含量表示为每mg干重或每mg蛋白质的mmol钠。

The protein content of fractions was analyzed using a combustion method (Dumatherm N Pro, C. Gerhardt GmbH & Co. KG, K¨ onigswinter, Germany). A nitrogen conversion factor of 6.25 was used to calculate the protein content. 蛋白质含量使用燃烧法（格哈特公司 杜马森Dumatherm N Pro杜马斯定氮仪）检测。使用6.25做为蛋白质转换系数计算蛋白质含量。 Lipid content was measured by Soxhlet extraction using petroleum ether in the Standard Soxhlet mode for 2 h. 脂肪含量使用石油醚由标准模式的索氏提取（格哈特公司 索克森SOXTHERM全自动快速索氏提取仪)2小时进行检测。

Anheuser-Busch LLC, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A. 由于各种原因，准确地确定酒精含量在酿酒行业中是必不可少的：遵守政府法律，确保支付适当的税收，确认产品符合标签规格，满足质量控制参数，并保持产品的一致性。随着新产品数量的增加，对酒精测定的需求也随之增加。研究了提高蒸馏过程效率的替代方法，因为标准蒸馏方法耗时且劳动密集型。选择图1中所示的Gerhardt格哈特仪器公司的Vapodest 200快速蒸馏仪进行研究。该仪器利用其强大的蒸汽发生器，能够以比标准蒸馏更快的速度蒸馏样品。

本试验建立了基于离子色谱间接测定香辛料中二氧化硫残留量的方法，对前处理蒸馏方法进行优化，确定了取样量5 g，蒸馏条件中过氧化氢浓度3%、接收液体积20 mL、加入10 mL盐酸(1:1)、蒸馏时间5 min、蒸馏功率1600 W时，蒸馏效果最优；不同香辛料结合二氧化硫的能力不同，在满足香辛料中固有成分与二氧化硫完全作用后，加标回收率为73.54%～112.6%，检测结果相对偏差为0.39%～4.34%。方法灵敏、快速、干扰少、准确度高，适于香辛料中二氧化硫含量的检测。

使用Soxtherm全自动快速提取仪，提取半固体制剂LLDPE和LDPE聚合物最终包装的正己烷提取物

将10g研磨好的样品，加入10g KHSO4,0.5 mL硫酸(7.1 M)和3ml D2O的混合物，放入自动蒸馏仪(Vapodest 200,德国Gerhardt)的800ml样品蒸馏管中，设定75%蒸汽输出，蒸馏时间4分钟，使用100ml容量瓶（加少量水，让馏出液管位于水液面下）接收，蒸馏完用自来水补到100ml。

This standard operating procedure (SOP) is applicable to the determination of organochlorine pesticides with the possible presence of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) or toxaphene in soil/sediment matrices using a gas chromatograph (GC) with a narrow-bore fused silica column and an electron capture detector (ECD). This SOP is based on Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Methods SW846/3500B/3540C/3541/8000B/8081A and those requirements set forth in the latest approved version of the National Environmental Laboratory Accreditation Committee (NELAC) Quality Systems section. Gel permeation chromatography [GPC] cleanup is required and is based on EPA/SW-846 Methods 3600C/3640A. Extracts may be subjected to optional cleanup procedures (florisil, tetrabutylammonium [TBA] sulfite or activated copper powder) based on EPA/SW-846 Methods 3600C/3620B/3660B. The compounds of interest and typical reporting limits (RLs) in soil/sediment matrices are found in Table 1, Appendix A.

This method may not be changed without the expressed approval of the Organic Group Leader, the Analytical Section Leader and the Quality Assurance Officer (QAO). Only those versions issued through the SERAS document control system may be used. Modifications made to the procedure due to interferences in the samples or for any other reason must be documented in the case narrative and on a nonconformance memo.

拟除虫菊酯类农药是一种广谱、高效、低毒、低残留的亲脂 性杀虫剂，由于施药器械、施药方式和技术等因素，施用的拟除 虫菊酯农药仅有很少部分作用在靶标生物上，大部分经迁移转化， 随农田排水、降雨淋洗进入水体，最终进入沉积环境,故沉积物是 其最终归宿之一，造成土壤农药的污染。因此准确地测定水稻土 中拟除虫菊酯农药对保护水稻土环境和人畜健康具有重要意义。

多 环 芳 烃 ( P olycyclic A rom atic H ydrocarbons PA H s)是煤 、石油 、木材 、烟草 、有 机高分 子化合物 等有 机物不完全燃烧时产生 的挥发性 碳氢化合物 ，是重要的 环境 和 食 品 污 染 物 。美 国环 保 署 (EPA )已 将 16 种 PA H S 确 定 为 环 境 优 先 控 制 污 染 物 一。环 境 中 的 P A IIs 可以通过 降雨 等方式进入上壤 ，而且 一般上壤 中 PA H s 中的含量较低 ，给研究 PA H s 的分析方法带 来 了 一 定 的困难 ，因此 寻找适 合 P A H s 的提纯 、纯化及 分析 方法对在土 壤 中 PA H s 的来 源调 查 、分 布特 征和迁 移 转化等研究工作 至关重 要 。目前 国内外 对土壤 中多环 芳烃 的研究 已越来越 多 ，准确的检测方 法是研究 PA H s 环境行为 的重要手段

塑料是目前使用最广泛的食品包装材料,由于塑料包装材料直接与食品接触,其含有的化学物质向食品迁移的问题引起了人们的广泛关注。总迁移量作为一个考察材料惰性水平的指标,可用于评价食品接触材料中非挥发性物质的总体迁移水平, 也被视为一个初筛指标来评估材料中物质的迁移风 险。欧盟委员会发布的EC２００２/７２/EC 指令规定了塑料类食品接触材料及制品的总迁移量不得超过 ６０mg/kg或１０mg/dm2. 关于包装材料在模拟物中总迁移量及迁移规律的报道不多,很少涉及塑料食品包装材料在橄榄油中总迁移量的研究。目前缺乏测定橄榄油模拟物中总迁移量的国家标准,只有几个行业标准,试验步骤繁琐,回收率低,重复性差,对设备和检测人员要求高,难以满足检测需求.实验室往往采用有机溶剂替代橄榄油进行测试,但有机溶剂的抽提能力比橄榄油强。通过比较异辛烷、９５％(体积分数)乙醇溶液和橄榄油模拟物中总迁移量的检测结果, 发现替代试验结果存在偏差,难以真实反映食品接触材料的迁移情况。因此,建立快速简易的测定塑料食品包装材料在橄榄油中总迁移量的方法具有重要现实意义。本工作针对聚丙烯(PP)、聚 氯 乙 烯 (PVC)、聚乙烯(PE)材质的塑料食品包装材料,优化水分调理程序,使用德国Gerhardt全自动索氏抽提仪缩短萃取时间,建立快速测定其在橄榄油中总迁移量的方法。

为评估白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物在猪饲料中的应用价值，本试验在测定白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维、氨基酸含量等营养成分的基础上，采用全收粪法测定猪对白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中营养物质的全消化道表观消化率，并通过安装Ｔ型瘘管测定猪对白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率。 结果表明：白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物的水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、粗纤维含量分别为8.34%、31.12%、5.00%、13.46%和11.00%，总能为19.53MJ/kg，霉菌毒素含量远低于国家标准。猪对白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中干物质、总能、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维和粗灰分的全消化道表观消化率分别为48.79%、38.33%、54.15%、82.94%、23.17%和20.29%，消化能为11.75MJ/kg；猪对白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中必需 氨基酸和非必需氨基酸的回肠末端表观消化率的平均值分别为72.38%和69.37%，其中赖氨酸、甲硫氨酸的回肠末端表观消化率均超过80%。 由此得出，白酒糟酿酒酵母培养物中氨基酸的吸收和利用率较高，可应用于猪饲料生产。

：建立 了全 自动 索 氏提取一气 相色谱 法 检测 小麦 粉 中 9 种菊 酯 、取 代 苯类 、三唑类 农药 残 留量 的新 方法 。采 用石 油 醚作为提取 溶剂 ．提 取温 度 115％ ，热浸 提 时问 15 m in，淋洗 时 间 30 m in ，经 佛罗 里矽 柱 净化 后浓 缩定 容 ，外标 法 校正 定量 ，气 相色 谱法检测 目标农 药残 留含量 。9 种 菊酯 、取 代苯 类 、三 唑类 农药 在 0． 01～1．00 p~g／m L 浓度 范 围 内具有 良好 的线 性 关系 ，相关 系 数不 低于0． 998，回收率 为 90． 7％～103．1％，变异 系数 为 0． 5％～8．6％，方 法 检 出限 为 0．00022～0．00281 m g／kg。该 方法 定量 准确 、灵 敏度 高 、简便易操作 ，适 用于小 麦 粉中 菊酯 、取代 苯类 、三唑类 农 药残 留量 检测

为了解我国主要产区青稞的营养品质状况，定量分析了来自青海、西藏、四川、甘肃、云南 ５ 个主产区３８个不同粒色青稞品种的营养成分，比较了不同地区和不同粒色青稞品种间营养品质的差异。结果表明，参试青稞品种的蛋白质含量为８．１４％～１５．１６％ ，总淀粉含量为４９．１４％～６８．６２％ ，直链淀粉含量为 １４．８０％～３０．０５％ ，脂肪含量为１．４２％～２．４０％ ，膳食纤维含量为１．９４％～３．４７％ ，灰分含量为０．０２％～１．２２％ ，β － 葡聚糖含量为 ３．８８％～６．７８％ ，品种间差异显著。产区之间比较，青海的品种蛋白质含量最高，西藏的品种 β － 葡聚糖含量最高，四川的品种总淀粉和灰分含量最高，云南的品种直链淀粉、脂肪和纤维含量最高。不同粒色比较，黑色品种的蛋白质、直链淀粉和纤维含量最高，蓝色品种的总淀粉和脂肪含量最高，白色 品种的灰分含量最高。西藏品种、蓝色籽粒品种的蛋白质营养品质较好。青稞蛋白质的第一限制性氨基酸仍是赖氨酸，第二限制性氨基酸是异亮氨酸，第三限制性氨基酸是苏氨酸。采用组间联接（平方欧式距离）法将３８ 个青稞品种分为 ３ 大类，第 Ⅰ 类包括 ３３ 个品种，第 Ⅱ 类包括 ２ 个品种，第 Ⅲ 类包括 ３ 个品种。

HJ 647-2013 环境空气和废气 气相和颗粒物中多环芳烃的测定 高效液相色谱法；HJ 646-2013 环境空气和废气 气相和颗粒物中多环芳烃的测定 气相色谱-质谱法

1.0 SCOPE AND APPLICATION 2.0 METHOD SUMMARY 3.0 SAMPLE PRESERVATION, CONTAINERS, HANDLING AND STORAGE 3.1 Sample Storage 3.2 Holding Times 4.0 INTERFERENCES AND POTENTIAL PROBLEMS 5.0 EQUIPMENT/APPARATUS 6.0 REAGENTS 7.0 PROCEDURES

We use a fast and relatively cost effective method, Soxtherm with CAPE coupled carbon-acid silica column, to improve the efficiency for the analyses of PCDD/Fs and dioxin-like PCBs in environmental samples. We choose three kinds of certified reference samples to evaluate the Soxtherm extraction system and the results are in good agreement with certified values. We have tested 101 real samples of different environmental matrices using this method from 2006 to 2007. The recovery range of the 13 C 12 -PCDD/Fs is 50~93% and 13 C 12 -PCBs isotopes is 57~72%. It meets the QA/QC criteria of US EPA Methods 1613B and 1668A. We have successfully applied this technique in samples such as soil, sediment and waste matrices and will extend it to applications in other matrices

氮含量及粗蛋白质的计算 方案摘要：本研究研究了霉脱素(AZOMITE) 对低蛋白日粮肉鸡生长性能、养分利用、血清生化指标及骨矿化的影响。

粗蛋白质含量采用Gerhardt全自动凯氏定氮仪测定，中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、粗纤维（CF）含量采用Gerhardt全自动Fibretherm FT12测定。

使用Fibretherm FT12全自动纤维仪(Gerhardt Analytical Systems，德 国）测 定 中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量。

本研究通过深入比较分析稻鱼养殖和池塘单一养殖模式下黄颡鱼的生长参数、肌肉组织微观结构、营养成分、呈鲜味成分、有机酸组成及食用后感官评价。研究发现，稻养模式能改善水质，提高黄颡鱼生长、肌肉鲜味和品质。本研究为稻田养殖模式选择优良水产品种提供数据支撑，有利于黄颡鱼-稻田养殖模式的推广和应用，拉动黄颡鱼的绿色发展和高品质养殖

血清游离氨基酸含 量和营养物质表观消化率的影响。与对照组相比，试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组粗脂肪表观消化率显著提高（Ｐ＜0.05） ；试验 Ⅰ组的粗蛋白质、总能和粗纤维表观消化率最低。 综上所述，在低蛋白质平衡饲粮中添加 50mg／kg的 Ｄ－天冬氨酸可改善仔猪生长性能，促进营养物质吸收利用。

The C. Gerhardt HydrothermTM – SoxthermTM system was designed as an automated Weibull-Stoldt Fat Determination system. Acid hydrolysis of the sample takes place; the fat is allowed to dry on a filter. The fat is extracted from the filtration residue with an organic solvent; the solvent is evaporated and dried for fat determination. With some method modifications, it is being used as the first step (extraction) of POPs from high fat matrices.

We have utilized an automated acid hydrolysis technology, followed by an abbreviated Soxhlet extraction technique to obtain fat from whole milk for the determination of persistent organic pollutants, namely polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polychlorinated biphenyls. The process simply involves (1) pouring the liquid milk into the hydrolysis beaker with reagents and stan- dards, (2) drying the obtained fat on a filter paper and (3) obtaining pure fat via the modified Soxhlet extraction using 100 mL of hexane per sample. This technique is in contrast to traditional manually intense liquid-liquid extractions and avoids the preparatory step of freeze-drying the samples for pressurized liquid extractions. Along with these extraction improvements, analytical results closely agree between the methods, thus no quality has been compromised. The native spike (n = 12) and internal standard (n = 24) precision and accuracy results are within EPA Methods 1613 and 1668 limits. While the median (n = 6) Toxic Equivalency Quotient (TEQ) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated diben- zofurans and the concentration of the marker polychlorinated biphenyls show a percent difference of 1% and 12%, respectively, compared to 315 previously analyzed milk samples at the same laboratory using liquid-liquid extraction. During our feasibility studies, both egg and fish tissue show substantial promise using this technique as well

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are classes of related environmental pollutants produced through diverse sources or industrial use and are known to strongly bio-accumulate and produce multiple toxic endpoints in animals and humans 1,2 . The 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzobenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) isomer has been classified as a group 1A human carcinogen by IARC 2 . PCBs with dioxin-like properties are often measured with the PCDD/Fs. These three classes of chemicals are listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm convention designated for world-wide reduction in the environment 1 .The primary route of non-occupational human exposure to PCDDs and PCDFs is foods and animal feeds 3-5 . Monitoring programs established are aimed to aid efforts to control contamination in foods and animal feeds 5 . Central to these efforts are confirmatory methods capable of measuring these chemicals at low concentrations in foods. We investigated an orbital trapping mass spectrometer for the measurement of PCDD/Fs and PCBs at low concentrations in whole cow’s milk.

Over the last several years some focus has been placed on improving efficiency for the determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p- dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo furans (D/Fs), as well as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Most efforts in this area have been focused on instrumentation; moving from expensive magnetic sector mass spectrometers 1 to triple quadrupoles 2,3 and orbital trapping mass spectrometers 4 . Lesser efforts have been placed on sample preparation stages, which can be divided into extraction, cleanup and concentration techniques. Although the manual preparation stage is inherently inexpensive, compared to instrumentation costs, low level contamination or poor recoveries can result in rework which negatively impacts the method, making this stage costly. Additionally, the extraction method varies depending upon the matrix category, which adds to the complexity, thus multiple extraction methods may be necessary depending upon the moisture and fat content of a matrix. The extraction of milk fat by an automated acid hydrolysis and abbreviated Soxhlet extraction for determination of POPs have been previously described 5 . By broadening the extraction method to include egg yolks, prepared cakes, prepared meats and raw tissues, we are moving toward a single, matrix-independent, extraction method.

粗纤维指植物经过一定浓度的酸、碱、醇或者醚等溶剂作用后剩余的残渣，是膳食纤维的一部分，在食品中指的是水不溶性膳食纤维，其主要成分是纤维素和木质素[1-2]。人们越来越多的青睐于粗纤维食品的保健功能[2-3]。摄取足够的纤维可以预防糖尿病、癌症、心血管疾病等。膳食纤维来源广泛，在豆类、水果、蔬菜、粗粮、杂粮及菌藻类食物中含量丰富[4]。本实验通过全自动纤维测定仪测定不同种类及同类蔬菜不同品种的粗纤维含量，为居民选择蔬菜提供参考。