We investigated the early events of bone matrix formation, and specifically the role of fibronectin (FN) in the initial osteoblast interaction and the subsequent organization of a provisional FN matrix on different rough titanium (Ti) surfaces. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled FN was preadsorbed on these surfaces and studied for its three-dimensional (3-D) organization by confocal microscopy, while its amount was quantified after NaOH extraction. An irregular pattern of adsorption with a higher amount of protein on topographic peaks than on valleys was observed and attributed to the physicochemical heterogeneity of the rough Ti surfaces. MG63 osteoblast-like cells were further cultured on FN-preadsorbed Ti surfaces and an improved initial cellular interaction was observed with increasing roughness. 3-D reconstruction of the immunofluorescence images after 4 days of incubation revealed that osteoblasts deposit FN fibrils in a specific facet-like pattern that is organized within the secreted total matrix overlying the top of the samples. The thickness of this FN layer increased when the roughness of the underlying topography was increased, but not by more than half of the total maximum peak-to-valley distance, as demonstrated with images showing simultaneous reconstruction of fluorescence and topography after 7 days of cell culture.

Different studies have been focused on the interaction between the synthetic material/biological entities. Nevertheless it is not still understood how the different surfaces properties influence the biological response of the implants due to the lack of a thorough characterization. The aim of this work is to thoroughly characterize topographically and energetically the sterilized and polished or blasted titanium surfaces in order to elucidate, in further studies, their influence in surface/protein interactions. The ultimate goal is to define surface characteristics that optimize the biologic responses of implants. Focusing on the first events that occur when introducing an implant material, commercially pure Ti grit-blasted samples with different roughness and different sterilization procedures have been characterized in terms of the dynamic of surface wetting with water and different biological medium. Moreover, a complete and reliable characterization of roughness, wettability, chemical surface composition and surface energy of those materials has been done. The nature of the abrasive particles and the sterilization procedures are the main factors affecting the surface energy and the wettability of polished and blasted titanium surfaces. Steam autoclaving and ethylene oxide increase surface hydrophobicity, consequently the base-Lewis component of the surface energy is altered. Time-related contact angle results indicate that proteins adsorb on titanium surfaces and make them significantly more hydrophilic. Those results provide new insights into the complex relationships between the different parameters of titanium surfaces that govern their surface energy and their wettability behaviour.

针对辽河油区超稠油粘度高、密度大、油水密度差小、油水乳化严重,采用两级热化学沉 降脱水工艺脱水速度慢、脱水周期长的状况,开展了温度、破乳剂浓度、混合强度等因素对超稠 油脱水速度影响的实验分析。结果认为,超稠油破乳脱水温度控制在85~95℃之间,破乳剂浓 度控制在300~400 mg/L之间,混合强度控制在500~800 r/min之间,可有效提高超稠油的脱水 速度。

脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚磺酸盐(AESO)是一种非离子-阴离子型表面活性剂,与廉价表面 活性剂重烷基苯磺酸盐(HABS)复配,得复合表面活性剂,可大大提高HABS的耐盐性,分别考察了 AESO和AESO与HABS复合表面活性剂耐盐性、耐钙镁离子浓度及耐高温性能。结果表明,在 HABS与AESO质量比7∶3,两种活性物总含量0·3%,或单独使用AESO含量0·5%,氢氧化钠含量 1·0%,聚合物含量0·1%的三元复合驱体系,在地层水总矿化度89 000 mg/L、钙镁离子浓度 1 150 mg/L、温度85℃条件下,仍能使油水界面张力达到超低(~10-3mN/m),表面活性剂活性物 水解率很低,说明表面活性剂AESO及AESO与HABS复合表面活性剂具有耐盐、耐钙镁离子浓度 及耐高温性能,适合于高温、高矿化度的油藏三次采油。

A molecular clustering physical model is proposed to describe the state of steam molecules in bulk steam phase before condensing on the cooled surface. Based on the general feature of nucleation processes, it is presumed that the steam molecules become clusters with the Lognormal size distribution in bulk steam phase firstly before condensing onto the cooled surface. In order to prove this physical model, the condensation of moist air on the surfaces with different wettability is observed using a high speed camera and microscope. The size distribution of the pre-coalescing droplets with radius of several microns is obtained, and for the primary droplets, about 3–10 nm, the size distribution is generated based on the experimental images reported in literature. It is concluded that the size distribution of the droplets from initial to the pre-coalescing size both satisfy the Lognormal distribution function, this proves the present physical model to be reasonable and consistence with the cluster physical theory. In addition, the observation that the initial condensation mode of moist air on the surfaces (either hydrophobic or hydrophilic) is always dropwise confirms the physical model further.

This paper describes a general method to change the surface property of the oleic acid stabilized silver nanoparticles and successful tranferring of the silver nanoparticles from the organic phase into the aqueous phase. By vigorous shaking of a biphasic mixture of the silver organosol protected with oleic acid and p-sulfonated calix[4]arene (pSC4) aqueous solution, it is believed that an inclusion complex is formed between oleic acid molecules and pSC4, and the protective layer of the silver nanoparticles shifts from hydrophobic to hydrophilic in nature, which drives the transfer of silver nanoparticles from the organic phase into the aqueous phase. The efficiency of the phase transfer to the aqueous solution depends on the initial pSC4 concentration. The pSC4-oleic acid inclusion complex stabilized nanoparticles can be stable for long periods of time in aqueous phase under ambient atmospheric conditions. The procedure of phase transfer has been independently verified by UV-vis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance techniques.

Influences of magnetic field on microscopic structures and macroscopic properties of water are studied by the spectrum techniques of infrared, Raman, visible, ultraviolet lights and X-ray. From these investigations, we know that the magnetic fields change the distribution of molecules and electrons, cause displacements and polarization of molecules and atoms, result in changes of dipole-moment transition and vibrational states of molecules and variation of transition probability of electrons, but does not alter the constitution of molecules and atoms. These are helpful in seeking the mechanism of magnetization of water. Meanwhile, we also measure the changed rules of the surface tension force, soaking effect or angle of contact, viscosity, rheology features, refraction index, dielectric constant and electric conductivity of magnetized water relative to that of pure water. The results show that the magnetic fields increase the soaking degree and hydrophobicity of water to materials, depress its surface-tension force, diminish the viscosity of war, enhance the feature of plastic flowing of water, and increase the refraction index, dielectric constant and electric conductivity of water after magnetization. These changes are caused by the above changes of microscopic structures under the action of magnetic field. Therefore, our studies are significant in science and has practical value of applications.

In this work, the enzymatic degradation of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBST) copolyesters was studied using the lipase from Pseudomonas (Lipase PS). The biodegradation behavior was found to strongly depend on the overall impacts of several important factors as the BT comonomer structure and molar content, thermal characteristics, morphology, the enzyme-substrate, and so forth. Further, the biodegraded residual film samples were allowed to be analyzed by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). On the experimental evidences, an exo-type mechanism of enzymatic chain hydrolysis preferentially occurring in the amorphous region was suggested for the PBST film samples.

The polymeric thin film was prepared on the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy by polymer plating of 6- dihexylamino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol monosodium (DHN) in order to modify its surface feature and to improve its anti-corrosive property. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the electrochemical reaction and film growth process of poly(6-dihexylamino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dithiol) (PDH) film, and the reaction peaks for film formation and growth were affirmed. The polymeric film weight was determined by electronic balance and its insoluble fraction in tetrahydrofuran was also measured. Contact angle meter was applied to test the surfacewettability with distilledwater drops at ambient temperature. Itwas found that the polymer-plated AZ31 alloy showed hydrophobic property with its distilled water contact angle up to 117.2◦. The performance property of polymeric thin film formed on AZ31 surfacewas studied by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the corrosion solution of 3.5% NaCl. The electrochemical experiment results showedthat polymer-platedthinfilmwithhydrophobic and insulative characteristics could provide surface modification and an effective anti-corrosive protection to magnesium alloy substrate compared to the blank one.

Honeycomb-structured microporous films were self-assembled from a new type of multiarm copolymer, hyperbranched poly(3-ethyl-3-oxetanemethanol)-star-polystyrene (HBPO-star-PS). The precursor consisting of an HBPO core and a number of PS arms was synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The microporous film was prepared by the evaporation of a chloroform solution of the precursor in a humid atmosphere (the so-called breath figure method). Compared to our former work, the hexagonally packed pores in the film were not interpenetrated and isolated from one another by the walls. The size of the pores could be controlled easily by changing the casting volume of the solution, the molecular weight and concentration of the polymer, and so forth. The water contact angle on the film surface indicated that the hydrophobicity of the film surface was significantly enhanced as a result of the formation of the porous structure.

Wereport a direct method to amplify the exponential growth of multilayers significantly by the alternating deposition of polyethylenimine (PEI) at high pH and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) at low pH. The alternating pH switches the degree of ionization of the polyelectrolytes in the multilayers, which enhances the diffusion of PEI into and out of the film and hence increases the deposited mass per cycle. The synergetic action of the pH-tunable charge density and diffusivity of the weak polyelectrolytes provides a new method for the enhanced growth of multilayers with hierarchal microand nanostructured surfaces.

A fluorescent film sensor was prepared by chemical assembly of oligo(diphenylsilane)s on a glass plate surface and was used for the detection of nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) in vapor phase. This design combines the advantages of fluorescent films based on single-layer chemistry and the signal amplification effect of conjugated polymers and provides an effective way to create novel fluorescence sensing films for NACs explosives. The advantages have been demonstrated experimentally by the super sensitive response of the above-mentioned film to the presence of trace amounts of NACs in vapor phase. Further experiments showed that the sensing process is reversible, and the commonly encountered interfering substances have no interference to the process. Fluorescence lifetime measurements revealed that the quenching is static in nature. The super sensitive response, and the reversibility and interference free of the sensing process, make the film a promising NACs sensor.

The deposition of coatings on the surface of three-dimensional braided carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (C3D/EP) composites will be helpful to their applications. However, they are unsuitable to be deposited due to their low surface free energies, poor wettabilities and poor adhesions. Since treatment of polymers or composites by nonthermal plasmas is a fast, versatile and environmentally friendly surface modification technique, the plasma treatment of C3D/EP composites is investigated in this paper. Dielectric barrier discharges (DBD) in ambient air are used. C3D/EP (Vf=36%) sampleswith thickness of 2mmare placed into the plasma configuration. Time for plasma treatment is 30 s, 60 s and 120 s. The chemical and physical changes induced by the treatments on C3D/EP surface are examined using contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The water advancing contact angles of the plasma-treated C3D/EP samples change from 98.6° for the untreated sample to the lower value 45.7° after plasma treatment of 30 s and 42.7° of 120 s. XPS results reveal that the composites modified with the DBD at an atmospheric pressure show a significant increase in oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing groups, such as C–O, O–C=O and NO2. The AFM images of the untreated and plasma-treated C3D/EP samples show that the composites surfaces roughen. The roughness of the untreated C3D/EP is 1.6 nm,while after plasma treatment of 30 s, 60 s and 120 s the values are 2.4 nm, 3.0 nm and 3.9 nm respectively. These results demonstrate that the surfaces of the C3D/EP samples are more active, hydrophilic and rough after plasma treatments using a DBD operating in ambient air.

A study of the effects of the pulp nature on desulphurization and de-ashing during high-sulfur coal flotation is described in this paper. Highlighted are the use of a solution oxygen gauge, a pH value gauge and a surface tension gauge to investigate changes in the pulp nature related to changes in the oxygen content, the pH value and the interfacial tension. The temperature before and after ultrasonic conditioning was also investigated. The results showed that ultrasonic conditioning resulted in a decrease in the oxygen content and the interfacial tension and an increase in the pH value and the temperature of the pulp. The perfect index of flotation and the perfect index of desulphurization of fine coal increased by 25.19% and 18.03%, respectively, after the pulp was ultrasonically conditioned. This study shows that ultrasonic conditioning can change the pulp nature and enhance the degree of desulphurization during high-sulfur coal flotation.

Four sulfonic acid-containing gemini surfactants 9BA-m-9BA (m = 2, 3, 4, 6), 6,60-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy)) bis (3-nonylbenzenesulfonic acid) (9BA-2-9BA), 6,60-(propane-1,3-diylbis(oxy)) bis(3-nonylbenzenesulfonic acid) (9BA-3- 9BA), 6,60-(butane-1,4-diylbis(oxy)) bis(3-nonylbenzenesulfonic acid) (9BA-4-9BA), and 6,60-(hexane-1,6-diylbis(oxy)) bis(3-nonylbenzenesulfonic acid) (9BA-6-9BA), were synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H NMR, elemental analysis, and melting temperature measurements. Their ability to lower the water surface tension and hexadecane/water interfacial tension was measured and correlated with the hydrophobicity and length of their alkyl spacer chain. Their aggregates in aqueous solutions were investigated using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Spherical vesicles could be found in aqueous solutions of four gemini surfactants with an apparent hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of ∼100 nm. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of four gemini surfactants evaluated by surface tension measurements was 1 order of magnitude smaller than that of conventional single-chain surfactant sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDS). And their C20, the gemini surfactant concentration required for lowering the surface tension of water by 20 mN/m, was about 2 orders of magnitude smaller than that of SDS, showing excellent efficiency at reducing the surface tension of water. In addition, the hexadecane/water interfacial tension could be less than 1.0 mN/m after using pure 9BA-m-9BA in water. Using 9BA-6-9BA the hexadecane/water interfacial tension was reduced to 0.21 mN/m.

A novel method to fabricate and tune cell membrane mimetic surfaces was developed based on the use of an amphiphilic random copolymer bearing phosphorylcholine (PC), stearyl and crosslinkable trimethoxysilylpropyl groups synthesized by free radical copolymerization. The polymer was coated on glass coverslips by dip-coating. The coated films were treated in water allowing reorganization of the surface groups to mimic the structure of cell outer membranes. This structure was fixed by crosslinking of the trimethoxysilylpropyl groups linked to the copolymer chains, as ascertained by dynamic contact angle (DCA) and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) measurements. Our results indicate that the surface structure can be tuned to a great extent to obtain a stable outer membrane mimetic surface/interface.

A laser image system for studying bubble formation at the orifice submerged in liquid was established. The process of bubble formation can be directly visualized and real-time recorded through computer by means of He–Ne laser as light source using the beam expanding and light amplification technique. The behaviors of bubble formation in polyacrylamide (PAM) aqueous solutions were investigated at temperature 293.15K and orifice diameters 1, 1.5 and 2 mm, respectively, the chamber volume was 90 cm3 and the gas flowrate from 0.1 to 0.6 cm3/s. The influences of mass concentration of solution and orifice diameter on bubble detachment volume were investigated experimentally and the results show that bubble detachment volume increases with solution concentration and orifice diameter in the experimental range of this work.

Electrochemical synthesis of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) by oxidation of dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) in a plate-and-frame electrolyzer was investigated. As the separator, different porous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes were tested in this process and the effects of hydrophilicity and of hydrophobicity on the electrolysis were discussed. The transport ofN2O4 andwater from catholyte to anolyte through membrane occurred in the electrolysis, especially at the end of the electrolysis. The water transport had a much more effect on the electrolysis than that of the N2O4 diffusion. The hydrophobic PTFE membranes had better performance on control of water transport from catholyte to anolyte than that of the hydrophilic ones. Hydrophobicity can increase the chemical yield of N2O5. The membranes with a low hydrophobic surface were preferred. All the hydrophobic PTFE membranes with low resistance have the specific energy of 1.1–1.5 kWh kg−1 N2O5. The current efficiency of 67.3–80.2% and chemical yield of 58.9–60.9% were achieved in production of N2O5. The technique of replacing the catholyte with fresh nitric acid can minimize the transport of N2O4 and water to a great extent, it can further improve the chemical yield and reduce the specific energy. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Gemini surfactant 9B-4-9B containing sodium sulfonate as hydrophilic head group was synthesized based on nonylphenol and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR spectroscopy and the surface tension measurement. The CMC and C20 of the 9B-4-9B were smaller than that of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecylsulfate, respectively, indicating excellent efficiency of micelle formation and reduced surface tension. Conducting polyaniline salts were synthesized by chemical oxidative micellar polymerization of aniline in water firstly using Gemini surfactant 9B-4-9B as the micelle stabilizer and ammonium peroxydisulfate as the oxidant at 0 C. The stable polyaniline dispersions have been obtained when the molar ratio of the 9B-4-9B to aniline was equal to or above 0.5 used in the polymerization system. The obtained granular polyaniline particles with the size of 1–2 lm were characterized by FTIR, UV–Vis, SEM, WAXD and conductivity measurement.

The high dewetting abilities of lotus leaves can be transited to a complete wetting state by soaking the leaves in water at a depth of 50 cm for 2 h. However, after being dried by N2 gas, the high dewetting behavior of lotus leaves may be mostly restored. This indicates that experimental procedure might considerably affect the dewetting abilities of lotus leaves. To discover the mechanism underlying this interesting dewetting phenomena, the dewetting force was used to characterize the dewetting abilities of surfaces, and model studies to mimic the papillae were done. Surface hydrophobicity, sizes, rise angles, and secondary structures of the models’ sides affected their dewetting force with water. So we suggested that the dewetting states, Cassie or Wenzel’s state, of lotus surfaces depend much on the depth of water, i.e., the hydraulic pressure. On the other hand, the primary structures of papillae in Cassie’s state led to a high receding angle with respect to the plane of the leaf during the dewetting measurement. The secondary structures and micro/nano arrays of papillae increased the dewetting abilities of lotus leaves, since no water intruded between papillae. However, the structures of papillae in Wenzle’s state significantly reduced the dewetting abilities of lotus leaves after being soaked at a depth of 50 cm for 2 h. Therefore, as for novel designs of microdevices floating on water, including the use of the high dewetting properties of suphydrophobic materials, surface (primary or secondary) microstructure and external pressure, such as static hydraulic pressure, must be taken into account.

The mixture of inorganic salt LiCl and soluble polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1500 as non-solvent additive was introduced to fabricate hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) by phase inversion process, using N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as solvent and tap water as the coagulation medium. Compared with other three membranes from PVDF/DMAc, PVDF/DMAc/LiCl and PVDF/DMAc/PEG 1500 dope solution, it can be observed obviously by scanning electron microscope (SEM) that the membrane spun from PVDF/DMAc/LiCl/PEG 1500 dope had longer finger-like cavities, ultra-thin skins, narrow pore size distribution and porous network sponge-like structure owing to the synergistic effect of LiCl and PEG 1500. Besides, the membrane also exhibited high porosity and good hydrophobicity. During the desalination process of 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution through direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), the permeate flux achieved 40.5 kg/m2 h and the rejection of NaCl maintained 99.99% with the feed solution at 81.8 ◦C and the cold distillate water at 20.0 ◦C, this performance is comparable or even higher than most of the previous reports. Furthermore, a 200 h continuously desalination experiment showed that the membrane had stable permeate flux and solute rejection, indicating that the as-spun PVDF hollowfiber membrane may be of great potential to be utilized in the DCMD process.

In this article, a simple method of pressing a conical frustum into liquid was adopted to explore the ability to restrict flow around their edges. On the basis of experiments and theoretical analyses, the restricting force Δf and the pressing work ΔEw were used to characterize the ability to restrict flow around the edge for water or formamide, which were found to be closely related to the geometric morphologies of edges and the liquid and material characteristics. The ability to restrict flow around the edge may be enhanced by increasing the rise angle ω and the size of edge circles and using a high-surface-energy liquid. Inspired by this, the superhydrophobicity of the materials with lower hydrophobicity has been successfully obtained by constructing close microedges on their flat surfaces. We believe that these findings would help to widen several novel applications to high-adhesion superhydrophobic surfaces.

The effects of two typical additives, lithium chloride (LiCl) and glycerol, on the fabrication of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) asymmetric microporous hollow fiber membranes were investigated in terms of membrane morphology, structure, permeation performance,hydrophobicity and mechanical property. The addition of the additives into the dope solution altered the morphology and structure of the resultant membranes, which was believed to be associated with the change of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the system in the phase inversion process. The membranes with improved pure water permeability (PWP) from 6.908×10−5 (7) to 4.835×10−4 (49), 3.256×10−4 (33) and 5.003×10−4 L/hm2 Pa(51 L/hm2 atm) were obtained when 2 wt.% LiCl, 4 wt.% LiCl and 10 wt.% glycerol was used as the additive,respectively. Among these, the membrane made from the dope containing 4 wt.% LiCl possessed the highest retention capability of 40 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO). The LiCl or glycerol addition into the polymer dope also made the membranes exhibit a narrowpore size distribution. Moreover, the membrane hydrophobicity was affected less by LiCl and glycerol than by poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP). The addition of 4 wt.% LiCl into the dope could form the membrane with four times stronger strain strength than the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) commercial membrane while keeping similar rigidity.

Abstract: We present selected stereo-images of living coccospheres to give new insights into the spatial appearance of coccolithophores. One picture was made before and one after tilting the scanning electron microscope stage. The images were turned to red and green, respectively, and combined. The complete 3D image can be viewed with red-green glasses. The possibilities of using stereo-microscopy as the basis for 3D mathematical models of coccospheres and coccoliths are discussed. Keywords：Stereo-image, coccolithophores, 3D image, red-green anaglyph, mathematical model

Abstract： This paper is focused on the influence of polystyrene (PS)–poly(1,4-butadiene) (PB)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) triblock terpolymers on the w/o microemulsion of the pseudo-ternary system water/sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)/xylene-pentanol. Despite the insolubility of the copolymer in water as well as in the xylene–pentanol mixture, it can be incorporated into the w/o microemulsion and interactions between the triblock terpolymer molecules and the anionic surfactant headgroups can be detected by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements. Furthermore, dynamic light scattering measurements were used to determine the aggregate diameter of the modified microemulsions. For lower polymer concentrations large aggregates between 100 and 500 nm can be observed. Surprisingly, at a higher terpolymer concentration of 5 wt%, significant smaller aggregate diameters can be identified by dynamic light scattering and Cryo-SEM. One can conclude that the copolymers are incorporated in the inverse microemulsion droplets, where the PB blocks cover the water droplets. The thermally induced radical cross-linking of the butadiene units in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) leads then to covalently closed nanocapsules with an average size of 10 nm. Keywords: Triblock terpolymer; Microemulsion; Nanocapsules

The thermophysical properties of 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium based hydrophobic room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs); with tetrafluoroborate (BF4), hexafluorophosphate (PF6), and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide (Tf2N) anions, namely density q (298.15 to 348.15) K, dynamic viscosity g (288.2 to 348.2) K, surface tension r (298.15 to 338) K, and refractive index nD (302.95 to 332.95) K have been measured. The coefficients of thermal expansion ap values were calculated from the experimental density data using an empirical correlation. The thermal stability of all ILs is also investigated at two different heating rates (10 and 20) C  min1) using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The experimental results presented in this study reveal that the choice of anion type shows the most significant effect on the properties of ILs. The chloride and water contents of ILs (as impurities) are also investigated and reported in the present work.

In this work, physical properties such as dynamic viscosity at (298.15 to 338.15) K, surface tension, and refractive index at temperatures (303.15 to 333.15) K of pure and aqueous N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) solutions (with mass fraction of MDEA of 0.3228 and 0.4880) were measured at atmospheric pressure and correlated. A thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) was used to study the thermal stability of solvents in the presence of nitrogen (20 mL· min-1), at a heating rate of 10 °C· min-1.

In this paper we show that interfaces in aqueous phase-separated biopolymer mixtures are permeable for all components present in the system. In spinning drop experiments, droplets of the low-density phase decreased up to 90% in volume over a time span of days to weeks, when inserted in a matrix of the high-density phase. We propose an expression for this change of volume in time in terms of diffusion coefficients of the components. From the magnitude of these coefficients, we conclude that the transfer of gelatin from inside the droplet to the outer phase was the rate-determining step in this process. Since the interfaces are permeable to all components, the properties of the system change in time. Therefore, the spinning drop technique is not an accurate method for the measurement of the equilibrium interfacial tension of these aqueous phase-separated systems.

摘要：采用旋转滴方法，对2-丙基-4,5-二庚烷基苯磺酸钠(DHPBS)在癸烷-水界面上的扩张流变性质进行了研究，较为详细地介绍了SVT20N视频旋转滴张力仪的装置和实验方法，考察了油滴注入体积、基础转速及振荡振幅等试验条件对扩张模量的影响。研究结果表明，旋转滴方法是一种研究扩张流变性质的新型手段，在涉及低界面张力现象的领域具有良好的应用前景. 关键词：旋转滴方法； 烷基苯磺酸盐； 界面扩张性质； 扩张模量

Focus variation is employed,inter alia,for high-resolution measurement of plastic topographies with varying reflection properties and steep flanks.By meas of an optical 3D measuring system based on focus variation the leather-like grain on films can now be measured.In this way the regularity of grain elements before and sfter lamination can be quantified.