Introduction The structure of natural shell samples has for many years been of significant interest, not only to researchers in the biological sciences, but also to material scientists [1]. This is primarily because the shells often have physical properties far exceeding those of their constituent minerals: in particular the mother of pearl structure, or “nacre”, consists of small, interlocking tablets of aragonite (orthorhombic CaCO3) separated by organic matrix membranes (Fig. 1).

光学操控指的是使用外加光源对生物学样本（尤其是活细胞）进行照射，通过光源与生物、化学分子间的特定相互作用，实现相应的功能。与活细胞相关的光学操控主要有：FRAPP，FRET，光活化，光转换，光遗传学，光学解笼，光学消融，DNA损伤。

荧光标记及成像已经成为生命科学领域最重要的表征技术之一。细胞、组织切片，活体组织、模式生物、活体动、植物中的蛋白质分子，亚细胞结构以及单个细胞都可以使用相应的荧光染料进行特异性的标记，大多数的科研工作者使用共聚焦显微镜对荧光标记样品的拍照成像。

黄素蛋白在酶催化、光合作用、DNA修复中有重要作用，但是其辅助因子与光子相互作用的动力学过程缺乏充分研究，尤其是随温度的演化。利用牛津仪器的干式恒温器 Optistat Dry 配合超快激光器、光谱仪的组合，可以得到高信噪比的黄素蛋白辅助引子的吸收谱温度演化。

From analysis of whole organisms down to single molecule studies, it is essential to treat your samples with extreme care and get your answers in a suitably short timeframe.

Spectroscopic analysis of biological or bioactive complexes can yield considerable insights into the subtilties of elemental composition, molecular structure or molecular interactions.

The X-MaxN series of large area SDD detectors are revolutionising the EDS analysis of biological samples. With sensor active area up to 150 mm2, and the possibility to combine multiple detectors to make an effective area of up to 600 mm2, counts from samples are maximised even at low kV and small spot sizes. At last, ultra-fast analysis and nano-scale accurate mapping on biological materials are not only possible, but practical too.

钙离子通道是一种跨越细胞膜的结构，它严格控制着钙离子进入细胞的过程。由 于钙离子信号与很多重要生理功能相关，例如心脏收缩、基因转录等，因此调节钙离 子进入细胞的精确反馈机制就至关重要，但其内部机制尚不清楚。 目前常用的研究方式有荧光探针离子成像分析技术。钙离子成像技术是通过一些 特定的荧光探针，对细胞内钙离子作荧光标记，并对它们空间分布随时间变化测定。 从钙离子浓度变化研究钙离子通道。