The quantifications of total chromium (A) and chromic acid (B) can be carried out as described in this application note following the calculation formulae below. The amount of chromic anhydride can be obtained by subtracting the quantity of chromic acid from the blank test result (C). Chromic anhydride = (C) – (B) Trivalent chromium = (A) – (B)

Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are indispensable technologies in electronics/electrical industries. Primarily, Li-ion batteries consist of three fundamental components; anode, cathode, and electrolyte. Lithium carbonate is popularly used as a material for lithium cobalt oxide as cathode. The concentration of lithium carbonate is determined by titrating with hydrochloric acid solution by acid/base titration based on the following chemical reaction. Li2CO3 + HCl 􀃆 LiHCO3 + LiCl … (1) LiHCO3 + HCl 􀃆 LiCl + CO2 + H2O … (2)