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如何能测定不同温度下的盐酸密度?
[font=宋体]关于盐酸密度与浓度关系的可行性探究[/font] [font=宋体]魏[/font] [font=宋体]钠[/font] [font=宋体]何江余[/font] [font=宋体](宁波分析测试学会)[/font][font=黑体]摘要:[/font][font=宋体]盐酸的密度与浓度之间存在一定的线性关系,[/font][font=宋体]通过多次对比试验,建立盐酸密度与浓度的线性关系,减少盐酸样品的分析时长。目前质检中心盐酸浓度的滴定方法为自动电位滴定法,而强酸强碱会对自动电位滴定仪电极造成一定的影响,导致所测的结果偏大一点,所以本次探究采用手工滴定的方法,即容量分析法;盐酸密度用便携式密度计来做。杂质少,浓度大的盐酸与密度的线性关系更为密切,两者之间可以互相转换。[/font][font=宋体]本次研究主要通过对实验过程控制,误差来源、实验对比验证与数据收集分析考察[/font][font=宋体]盐酸密度与浓度的[/font][font=宋体]关系,优化工艺及简化分析操作。[/font][font=黑体]关键词[/font][font=黑体]:[/font][font=宋体]密度[/font][font=宋体],盐酸质量分数,对比实验 [/font][font=宋体][/font][font=宋体]盐酸是氢氯酸的俗称,是氯化氢[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif'](HCl)[/font][font=宋体]气体的[/font][url=https://baike.so.com/doc/6007054-6220039.html][font=宋体][color=black]水溶液[/color][/font][/url][font=宋体],为无色透明的一元强酸。盐酸具有极强的挥发性分子式[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']HCl[/font][font=宋体],相对分子质量[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']36.46[/font][font=宋体]。盐酸为不同浓度的氯化氢水溶液,呈透明无色或黄色,有刺激性气味和强腐蚀性。易溶于水、乙醇、乙醚和油等。浓缩的盐酸会形成酸雾。酸雾和盐酸溶液都对人类组织有腐蚀性的效果,并有损害呼吸器官、眼睛、皮肤和肠道的可能。盐酸可与常见的氧化剂,例如[/font][url=https://baike.so.com/doc/713144-7117017.html][font=宋体][color=black]次氯酸钠[/color][/font][/url][font=宋体]([/font][font=宋体]漂白剂,[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']NaClO[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font=宋体]或次氯酸钙[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif'](Ca(ClO)[sub]2[/sub])[/font][font=宋体]等发生氧化还原反应,产生有毒的氯气气体,少量吸入会导致不适。由于盐酸是一种强酸,它与某些金属、金属氧化物、金属氢氧化物以及大多数金属[/font][url=https://baike.so.com/doc/6044233-6257248.html][font=宋体][color=black]盐类[/color][/font][/url][font=宋体][color=black]([/color][/font][font=宋体]如碳酸盐、[/font][url=https://baike.so.com/doc/5333516-5568951.html][font=宋体][color=black]亚硫酸盐[/color][/font][/url][font=宋体]等),都能发生反应,生成盐酸盐。因此,在不少无机药品的生产上要用到盐酸。[/font][font=宋体]盐酸用来生产氯气,氯化氢气体和氧气在催化剂表面进行反应生成氯气和水蒸气,氯气是合成光气的重要原料之一。目前我们盐酸浓度的测试方法是通过自动电位滴定仪来分析的,整个分析过程需要二十几分钟,且[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']1moL/L[/font][font=宋体]的[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']NaOH[/font][font=宋体]标液的使用量也很大,分析成本较密度计换算要大很多,通过本次实验探究,希望可以优化盐酸质量分数的分析方法,节省分析时间,节约试剂的使用量,最大限度地减少分析成本,提高工作效率。[/font][font=宋体]2[/font][font=宋体]盐酸质量分数的测定-容量分析法[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']2.1[/font][font=宋体]容量分析法:[/font][font=宋体]化学滴定分析法,又叫容量分析法,将已知准确浓度的标准溶液,滴加到被测溶液中(或者将被测溶液滴加到标准溶液中),直到所加的标准溶液与被测物质按化学计量关系定量反应为止,然后测量标准溶液消耗的体积,根据标准溶液的浓度和所消耗的体积,算出待测物质的含量。这种定量分析的方法称为滴定分析法,它是一种简便、快速和应用广泛的定量分析方法,在常量分析中有较高的准确度。[/font][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']2.2[/font][font=宋体]测定原理[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]试样溶液以溴甲酚绿为指示剂,用[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']NaOH[/font][font=宋体]标准溶液滴定至溶液由黄色变为蓝色为终点。反应式如下:[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']H[sup]+[/sup]+OH[sup]-[/sup]→H[sub]2[/sub]0H[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']2.3[/font][font=宋体]使用试剂[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']NaOH[/font][font=宋体]标准溶液:[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']C[/font][font=宋体]([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']NaOH[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']=1mol/L[/font][font=宋体]。[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]溴甲酚绿指示剂:[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']1g/L[/font][font=宋体]。[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']2.4[/font][font=宋体]玻璃器具[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]锥形瓶,[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']250mL[/font][font=宋体]([/font][font=宋体]具磨口塞)。[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]滴定管,[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']50mL[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']2.5[/font][font=宋体]分析步骤[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]在锥形瓶中装入[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']15mL[/font][font=宋体]三级纯水,称取[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']2g[/font][font=宋体]左右试样(精确到[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']0.0001g[/font][font=宋体])混匀。向锥形瓶中加入([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']2-3[/font][font=宋体])滴溴甲酚绿指示剂,用[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']NaOH[/font][font=宋体]标准溶液滴定至溶液由黄色变为蓝色为终点,且在[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']30s[/font][font=宋体]内不褪色,读取所消耗[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']NaOH[/font][font=宋体]标准溶液的体积。[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']2.6[/font][font=宋体]结果计算[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]总酸度以[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']HCL[/font][font=宋体]质量分数[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']w[/font][font=宋体]计,数值以[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']%[/font][font=宋体]表示[/font][/align][font='Times New Roman','serif']W=[[/font][font=宋体]([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']V[/font][sub][font=宋体]实[/font][/sub][font='Times New Roman','serif']/1000[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']CM]/m*100=V[/font][sub][font=宋体]实[/font][/sub][font='Times New Roman','serif']CM/10m[/font][font=宋体]其中:[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']V[/font][sub][font=宋体]实际[/font][/sub][font='Times New Roman','serif']=V*(1.000+[/font][font=宋体]补正值[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']/1000)[/font][font=宋体]上两式中:[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']V[/font][sub][font=宋体]实[/font][/sub][font='Times New Roman','serif']-NaOH[/font][font=宋体]标准溶液所消耗体积([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']mL[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']V-[/font][font=宋体]滴定管滴定所读体积([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']mL[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']C-NaOH[/font][font=宋体]标准溶液浓度([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']mol/L[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']m-[/font][font=宋体]试样的质量([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']g[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']M-NaOH[/font][font=宋体]的摩尔质量分数([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']g/mol[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font=宋体] [/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']1moL/LNaOH[/font][font=宋体]在([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']17-26[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']℃[/font][font=宋体]的滴定管温度补正值[/font] [table=568][tr][td] [align=center][font=宋体]温度[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']/[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']℃[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']17[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']18[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']19[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']20[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']21[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']22[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']23[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']24[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']25[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']26[/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font=宋体]体积[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']/mL[/font][/align] [/td][td] [font='Times New Roman','serif']0.8[/font] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']0.6[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']0.3[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']0.0[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']-0.3[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']-0.6[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']-0.9[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']-1.2[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']-1.5[/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif']-1.8[/font][/align] [/td][/tr][/table][font=宋体] [/font][font=宋体]3.[/font][font=宋体]盐酸密度的测定[/font][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']3.1 [/font][font=宋体]实验原理[/font][/align][font=宋体]U[/font][font=宋体]型管震荡方式,[/font][font=宋体]装有U型振动试样管并具有电子激发、振动频率计数及显示功能,把少量液体样品吸入到振动试样管中,试样管质量的变化引起振动频率的变化,结合标定数据计算样品的密度。[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']3.2 [/font][font=宋体]实验器材[/font][font=宋体]便携式密度计[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif'] [/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']3.3[/font][font=宋体]实验过程[/font][align=left][font=宋体]开机,检查密度计是否正常,调用盐酸密度测试方法的相关系数,用纯水多次润洗密度计,用三级水校正仪器。[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]测量试样,用样品润洗仪器至少三次以上,测量三次取其平均值,记下所测的数值。[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]注意事项:测量过程[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']U[/font][font=宋体]型管中不能有气泡产生:整个分析过程要在通风橱中进行。[/font][/align][align=center][font=宋体] [/font][/align][font=宋体]4[/font][font=宋体]数据收集[/font][font=宋体]及曲线建立[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']4.1[/font][font=宋体]数据收集[/font] [table=548][tr][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体][color=white] [/color][/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]密度[/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]浓度[/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体][color=white] [/color][/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体][color=white] [/color][/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]密度[/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]浓度[/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体][color=white] [/color][/font][/b][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1683[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]33.8[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1574[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]31.6[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1592[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]31.88[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1613[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.3[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.116[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]23.46[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1632[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.68[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1435[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]28.42[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1635[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.74[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1635[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.63[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1634[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.71[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1592[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]31.98[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1632[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.8[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1633[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.8[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1623[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.69[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1632[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.74[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1633[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.8[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1625[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.72[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1589[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1634[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.9[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1628[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.64[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.161[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.48[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.163[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.73[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1625[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.68[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1502[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]30.82[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1642[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]33.01[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1634[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.83[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1613[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.49[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1211[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]24.44[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.162[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.2[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1256[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]25.55[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1632[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.66[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1298[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]26.1[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1634[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]33.11[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1316[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]26.5[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1631[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.57[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1387[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]28.03[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1631[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.84[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1402[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]28.01[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1633[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.57[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font] [/td][td] [font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font] [/td][td] [font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font] [/td][td] [font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black] [/color][/font] [/td][/tr][/table][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']4.2[/font][font=宋体]曲线建立[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]通过4.1数据建立盐酸密度与浓度的关系曲线[/font][/align][align=left] [/align][align=left][font=宋体][img=,465,247]https://ng1.17img.cn/bbsfiles/images/2020/09/202009100932013205_993_3989257_3.jpg!w465x247.jpg[/img][/font][/align][font=宋体]从曲线可以看出盐酸密度与浓度之间存在线性关系,我们通过曲线可以得到盐酸与密度的二元一次方程。[/font][font=宋体]5.[/font][font=宋体]实验验证[/font][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']5.1[/font][font=宋体]验证方法[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体]将所测盐酸密度值代入[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']y = 197.11X - 196.52[/font][font=宋体]中计算:[/font][/align] [table=500][tr][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]密度[/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]实测浓度[/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]换算浓度[/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]极差[/font][/b][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][b][font=宋体]备注[/font][/b][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1632[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.8[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.758352[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]0.041648[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]T8101-4[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1603[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.25[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.186733[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]0.063267[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]T8101-3[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1631[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.8[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.738641[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]0.061359[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]T8101-2[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.162[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.68[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.52182[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]0.15818[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]P3901B[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1622[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.72[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.561242[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]0.158758[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]3901[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1638[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.99[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.876618[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]0.113382[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]T8101-4[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1607[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.23[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.265577[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]-0.035577[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]T8103-1[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1662[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]33.35[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]33.349682[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]0.000318[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]P3901[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][tr][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]1.1638[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.8[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]32.876618[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]-0.076618[/color][/font][/align] [/td][td] [align=center][font='Times New Roman','serif'][color=black]P3901B[/color][/font][/align] [/td][/tr][/table][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']5.2[/font][font=宋体]结果分析[/font][/align][align=left][font=宋体][img=,543,472]https://ng1.17img.cn/bbsfiles/images/2020/09/202009100931497490_6917_3989257_3.jpg!w543x472.jpg[/img][/font][/align][align=left][/align][font=宋体]由以上分析结果得知标准差=0.08186,说明用该方法换算盐酸浓度数据结果较为稳定,波动不大。可行性P值=0.8210.05说明用该方法换算盐酸可行度较高,数据基本接近真实值,可以投入日常工作使用。[/font][font=宋体]5.3[/font][font=宋体]误差来源[/font][font=宋体] 1.[/font][font=宋体]用容量分析法手工滴定盐酸时终点判断人员之间存在误差 [/font][font=宋体] 2.[/font][font=宋体]打盐酸密度过程中U型管中有气泡,或纯水校正仪器不准以及方法的局限性对测量结果产生误差;[/font][font=宋体] 3.[/font][font=宋体]方法建立过程中数据量不是足够大,对结果换算会有一定的影响[/font][font=宋体] 4.[/font][font=宋体]样品中杂质较多或含有一定量的重金属,致使密度测量值比实际值偏大,导致浓度换算不准。[/font][font=宋体] [/font][font=宋体]6.[/font][font=宋体]结论[/font][font=宋体]本文主要对盐酸密度与浓度之间的关系进行了探究,通过数据收集建立起了盐酸密度与浓度的关系曲线,用标准数据验证曲线的准确性及可行性是可以通过的,符合得到的线性关系。对于取代现有的分析方法,我们还需要更多的实验验证,本文的探究过程主要总结出以下几点:[/font][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']1.[/font][font=宋体]本方法适用于浓度([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']23%-34%[/font][font=宋体])较大且较为纯净的试样。[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']2.[/font][font=宋体]本方法在曲线建立过程中就将温度校正体积考虑在内,所以在输入[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']lims[/font][font=宋体]录入结果时不需要温度校正。[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']3.[/font][font=宋体]本方法在收集数据的过程中实验室温度跨度在([/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']17-26[/font][font=宋体])[/font][font='Times New Roman','serif']℃[/font][font=宋体]度之间故在温度跨度较大的情况下该方法换算盐酸浓度不适用。[/font][/align][align=left][font='Times New Roman','serif']4.[/font][font=宋体]用密度计测盐酸浓度操作简单、快速,节省分析时间,提高工作效率。[/font][/align][align=left][b][font=宋体] [/font][/b][/align]
?1%的盐酸密度是多少?