Nanoprobes

国别：美国nanoprobes

1.4nm的纳米金探针 授权签约代理

产品：

1. enzmettm - 新的生物标记和染色方法（nanoprobe研发的专利产品），使用酶探针选择性的将银沉积在目标位置，可替代hrp底物。

应用：
可替代hrp底物，用于原位杂交/免疫组化/电镜/关联显微系统/免疫斑点/蛋白杂交等
优点：
染色清晰度优于传统生色或荧光底物，永久不褪色，不扩散 
可检测内源单拷贝基因（原位杂交中）！超高灵敏度 
高分辨率 
背景接近零 
无需更多处理，染色即在电镜下可见 

免疫组化：dab（左）enzmet（右）染her2扩增的组织

references：

• j. f. hainfeld, et al., microsc. microanal. 8 (suppl. 2) (2002) 916 cd.

• r. tubbs, j. pettay, et al. j. mol. histol. 35 (2004) 589.

• r. tubbs, j. pettay, j., et al. appl. immunohistochem. mol. morphol. 13 (2005) 371.

• a. cali & p. m. takvorian, southeast asian trop. med. public health, 35 (suppl. 1) (2004) 58.

• a. cali, l. m. weiss, and p. m. takvorian, j. euk. microbiol., 49 (2003) 164.

• e.m. keohane, g.a. orr, et al., mol. biochem. parasitol., 94 (1998) 227. this work was supported by nih sbir grant 2r44 gm064257-02a1 and nih grant 2r01 ai031788. the authors thank ventana medical systems, incorporated for the i-view reagent.
  ni-nta纳米金 – 特异性结合his标签蛋白，用于标记his标签蛋白：

应用：
透射电镜/扫描透射电镜、光学显微镜、蛋白杂交、纯化his标签蛋白时，识别含目的蛋白的部分等实验。 
优点：
灵敏度高 
探针小，分辨率高，1.8 nm ni-nta-纳米金比抗体探针小 
高溶解度，稳定 
无背景 
永久染色 
5 nm ni-nta-纳米金在电镜下可见，不需金增强/银增强 
使用简单 



左：1.8nm ni-nta-纳米金与his标签蛋白相互作用右：用ni-nta-纳米金标记6xhis腺病毒knob蛋白，未染色的扫描电镜照片
left: structure of ni-nta-nanogold® showing interaction with interaction with a his-tagged protein; right: knob protein from adenovirus cloned with 6x-his tag, labeled with ni-nta-nanogold, column purified from excess gold, and viewed in the scanning transmission electron microscope (stem) unstained (full width approximately 245 nm).


上：5nm ni-nta-纳米金的结构，显示金属螯合物与his标签蛋白结合
下：5nm ni-nta-纳米金的扫描电镜图，平均直径5.11±0.84nm。
top: structure of nta-ni(ii)-5 nm nanogold®, showing the binding of the incorporated metal chelate to a his-tagged protein; distance from the gold particle surface to the his tag is estimated to be 1.5 nm. above: transmission electron micrograph of 5 nm nta nanogold: average diameter 5.11±0.84nm.

品名	产品描述	货号	规格
1.8 nm ni-nta-nanogold®	比抗体小，更易渗透入组织，定位和检测细胞、组织或蛋白复合物中的his标签蛋白。	2080	10um 30ml
5 nm ni-nta-nanogold®	目标量达一定程度时，无需银增强/金增强可直接用电镜观察	2082	0.5um 3ml

相关产品：

goldenhance lm/blot (gelm)	金增强试剂，用于光镜样品	2112	initiator/moderator/activator/buffer 各15 ml（共60 ml，足够做600张载玻片）
goldenhance em(geem)	金增强试剂，用于电镜样品	2113	initiator/moderator/activator/buffer 各2 ml（共8 ml，足够做200个网格）
hq silver	用于纳米金的质量蕞佳的增强试剂，均匀显影，极好的保持结构，特别适合电镜，光敏感	2012	initiator/moderator/activator 各15 ml（共45 ml）
li silver	纳米金的银增强，用于电镜、光镜、凝胶、杂交，光不敏感	2013	initiator/enhancer 125 ml （共250 ml）

references： 
1. kollman, j. m.; zelter, a.; muller, e. g.; fox, b.; rice, l. m.; davis, t. n., and agard, d. a.: the structure of the gamma-tubulin small complex: implications of its architecture and flexibility for microtubule nucleation. mol. biol. cell, 19, 207-215 (2008).
2. adami, a.; garcia-alvarez, b.; arias-palomo, e.; barford, d., and llorca, o.: structure of tor and its complex with kog1. mol. cell., 27509-516 (2007).
3. balasingham, s. v.; collins, r. f.; assalkhou, r.; homberset, h.; frye, s. a.; derrick, j. p., and tonjum, t.: interactions between the lipoprotein pilp and the secretin pilq in neisseria meningitidis. j. bacteriol., 189, 5716-5727 (2007).
4. jiang, z. g.; simon, m. n.; wall, j. s., and mcknight, c. j.: structural analysis of reconstituted lipoproteins containing the n-terminal domain of apolipoprotein b. biophys. j., 92, 4097-4108 (2007).
5. pye, v. e, beuron, f, keetch, c. a, mckeown, c, robinson, c. v, meyer, h. h, zhang, x, and freemont, p. s.: structural insights into the p97-ufd1-npl4 complex. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 104, 467-472 (2007).
6. promnares, k.; komenda, j.; bumba, l.; nebesarova, j.; vacha, f., and tichy, m.: cyanobacterial small chlorophyll-binding protein scpd (hlib) is located on the periphery of photosystem ii in the vicinity of psbh and cp47 subunits. j. biol. chem., 281, 32705-32713 (2006).
7. collins, r. f.; beis, k.; clarke, b. r.; ford, r. c.; hulley, m.; naismith, j. h.; and whitfield, c.: periplasmic protein-protein contacts in the inner membrane protein wzc form a tetrameric complex required for the assembly of escherichia coli group 1 capsules. j. biol. chem.,281, 2144-2150 (2006).
8. wolfe, c. l.; warrington, j. a.; treadwell, l., and norcum, m. t.: a three-dimensional working model of the multienzyme complex of aminoacyl-trna synthetases based on electron microscopic placements of trna and proteins. j. biol. chem., 280, 38870-38878 (2005).
9. bumba, l.; tichy, m.; dobakova, m.; komenda, j., and vacha, f.: localization of the psbh subunit in photosystem ii from the synechocystis 6803 using the his-tagged ninta nanogold labeling. j. struct. biol., 152, 28-35 (2005)
10. collins, r. f.; frye, s. a.; balasingham, s.; ford, r. c.; tonjum, t., and derrick, j. p.: interaction with type iv pili induces structural changes in the bacterial outer membrane secretin pilq. j. biol. chem., 280, 18923-18930 (2005).
11. chatterji, a.; ochoa, w. f.; ueno, t.; lin t., and johnson, j. e.: a virus-based nanoblock with tunable electrostatic properties. nano lett.,5, 597-602 (2005).
12. buchel, c.; morris, e.; orlova, e., and barber, j.: localisation of the psbh subunit in photosystem ii: a new approach using labelling of his-tags with a ni(2+)-nta gold cluster and single particle analysis. j. mol. biol., 312, 371-379 (2001).
13. hainfeld, j. f.; liu, w.; halsey, c. m. r.; freimuth, p., and powell, r. d.: ni-nta-gold clusters target his-tagged proteins. j. struct. biol., 127, 185-198 (1999).
14. hainfeld, j. f.; liu, w.; joshi, v., and powell r. d.: nickel-nta-nanogold binds his-tagged proteins. microsc. microanal., 8, (suppl. 2: proceedings) (proceedings of microscopy and microanalysis 2002); voekl, e.; piston, d.; gauvin, r.; lockley, a. j.; bailey, g. w., and mckernan, s., eds.; cambridge university press, new york, ny, 2002, p. 832cd.

goldiblot™ his western blot kit：ni-nta-纳米金颗粒
应用：
1.蛋白杂交检测带his标签的重组蛋白（染色时间1小时） 
2.识别细胞裂解液或提取物中的his标签蛋白 
3.证实转染细胞中his标签蛋白的表达 
优点：
更快更灵敏
低背景 
永久信号 


品名	产品描述	货号	规格
goldiblot™ his western blot kit	用于在蛋白杂交中检测his重组蛋白的	2090	15个杂交

references：

1. dubendorff, j.; cruz, m.; gonzalez, c.; hainfeld, j.; liu, w.: rapid detection of his-tagged proteins on western blots proc. 47th ann. mtg., amer. soc. cell biol., 47; pres. # 1918., poster # b265 (2007).
   

应用：在多种系统和环境中的应用广泛


品名	产品描述	货号	规格
1-mercapto-(triethylene glycol) methyl ether functionalized gold nanoparticles	两性3 - 5 nm纳米金颗粒，溶于甲苯、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、水、乙醇等溶剂	3012	80 mg
(1-mercaptoundec-11-yl) tetraethyleneglycol functionalized gold nanoparticles	亲水3 - 5 nm纳米金颗粒，溶于乙醇、水	3013	80 mg
dodecanethiol functionalized gold nanoparticles	疏水3 - 5 nm纳米金，用于甲苯等有机溶剂	3014	80 mg
octanethiol functionalized gold nanoparticles	疏水2 - 4 nm纳米金，用于甲苯等有机溶剂	3015	80 mg

aurovisttm ：x-射线造影剂 

优点:


1. 用于活体，不破坏组织

2. 低毒性

3. 高对比度，比碘造影剂高3倍

4. 显微ct可成像直径为20um的血管

5. 1.9nm纳米金在血液中存留时间比碘造影剂长

6. 使用浓度可比碘造影剂高4倍多

7. 高浓度时渗透压低

8. 低粘度，可注射

9. 肾脏将其清除

 
live mouse 1 hour after injection with aurovist™, showing kidney contrast and fine structure (bar = 1 mm).

(upper): live mouse, 2 minutes after injection 
showing vascular fine structure; (lower) microct of 
mouse inferior vena cava (bar = 1mm).

品名	产品描述	货号	规格
aurovisttm-1.9nm	在水、pbs或其他缓冲液中即溶	1102	40 mg au
aurovisttm-15nm	产品已溶于pbs，并经0.22 um 膜过滤	1115	40 mg au

references：
microct imaging

1.  hainfeld, j. f.; slatkin, d. n.; focella, t. m, and smilowitz, h. m.: gold nanoparticles: a new x-ray contrast agent. br. j. radiol., 79, 248-253 (2006).

in vivo vascular casting

1.  hainfeld, j. f.; slatkin, d. n.; focella, t. m., and smilowitz, h. m.: in vivo vascular casting. microsc. microanal., 11, (suppl. 2: proceedings); price, r.; kotula, p.; marko, m.; scott, j. h.; vander voort, g. f.; nanilova, e.; mah lee ng, m.; smith, k.; griffin, p.; smith, p., and mckernan, s., eds.; cambridge university press, new york, ny, p. 1216cd (2005).

radiation therapy enhancement

•  hainfeld, j. f., slatkin, d. n., and smilowitz, h. m.: the use of gold nanoparticles to enhance radiotherapy in mice. phys. med. biol.,49, n309-n315 (2004).

应用：
市场上蕞小的免疫金标探针
优点：
金颗粒与fab’或igg比例接近1
粒径小（1.4nm），且均匀
低背景
灵敏度高
稳定


品名	产品描述	货号	规格
nanogold-链酶亲和素		2016	0.5ml
			1ml
nanogold-山羊抗生物素	igg	2015	0.5ml
			1ml
nanogold-山羊抗小鼠igg	igg	2001	0.5ml
			1ml
	fab’	2002	0.5ml
			1ml
nanogold-山羊抗兔igg	igg	2003	0.5ml
			1ml
	fab’	2004	0.5ml
			1ml
nanogold-兔抗山羊igg	igg	2005	0.5ml
			1ml
	fab’	2006	0.5ml
			1ml
nanogold-山羊抗大鼠igg	igg	2007	0.5ml
			1ml
	fab’	2008	0.5ml
			1ml
nanogold-兔抗绵羊igg	igg	2050	0.5ml
			1ml
	fab’	2051	0.5ml
			1ml
nanogold-山羊抗人igg	igg	2052	0.5ml
			1ml
	fab’	2053	0.5ml
			1ml
nanogold-山羊抗豚鼠igg	igg	2054	0.5ml
			1ml
	fab’	2055	0.5ml
			1ml

用card扩增的纳米金+银增强检测hela细胞中单个拷贝hpv16的原位杂交 
扫描透射电镜图片 （左）羊抗小鼠胶体金 （右）羊fab’抗小鼠纳米金



references： 
nanogold® antibody conjugates

1. bendayan, m.: worth its weight in gold. science, 291, 1363-5 (2001).

2. bergles, d. e.; roberts, j. d. b.; somogyi, p., and jahr, c. e.: glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus. nature, 405, 187-190 (2000).

3. d’este, l.; kulaksiz, h.; rausch, u.; vaccaro, r.; wenger, t.; tokunaga, y.; renda, t. g.; cetin, y.: expression of guanylin in "pars tuberalis-specific cells" and gonadotrophs of rat adenohypophysis proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 97, 1131-1136 (2000).

4. feng, d.; nagy, j. a.; brekken, r. a.; pettersson, a.; manseau, e. j.; pyne, l.; mulligan, r.; thorpe, p. e.; dvorak, h. f., and dvorak, a. m.: ultrastructural localization of the vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (vpf/vegf) receptor-2 (flk-1, kdr) in normal mouse kidney and in the hyperpermeable vessels induced by vpf/vegf-expressing tumors and adenoviral vectors j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 545-555 (2000).

5. grondin, g., and beaudoin, a. r.: a new pre-embedding immunogold method that permits to obtain a very high signal with a very good ultrastructure. microsc. microanal., 7, (suppl. 2: proceedings) (proceedings of the fifty-ninth annual meeting, microscopy society of america); bailey, g. w.; price, r. l.; voelkl, e., and musselman, i. h., eds.; springer-verlag, new york, ny, 2001, pp. 1044-1045.

6. hainfeld, j. f.: labeling with nanogold and undecagold: techniques and results. scanning microsc. suppl. (proc. 14th pfefferkorn conf.); malecki, m., and roomans, g. m. (eds.). scanning microscopy international, chicago, il, 10, 309-322 (1996).

7. ikeda, y.; martone, m.; gu, y.; hoshijima, m.; thor, a.; oh, s. s.; peterson, k. l., and ross, j., jr.: altered membrane proteins and permeability correlate with cardiac dysfunction in cardiomyopathic hamsters am. j. physiol. heart circ. physiol., 278, h1362-h1370 (2000).

8. kohler, a.; lauritzen, b., and van noorden, j. f.: signal amplification in immunohistochemistry at the light microscopic level using biotinylated tyramide and nanogold-silver staining j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 933-941 (2000).

9. malecki, m.: preparation of plasmid dna in transfection complexes for fluorescence and spectroscopic imaging. scanning microsc. suppl. (proc. 14th pfefferkorn conf.); malecki, m., and roomans, g. m. (eds.). scanning microscopy international, chicago, il, 10, 1-16 (1996).

10. robinson, j. m.; takizawa, t., and vandré, d. d.: applications of gold cluster compounds in immunocytochemistry and correlative microscopy: comparison with colloidal gold. j. microsc., 199, 163-79 (2000).

11. robinson, j. m.; takizawa, t., and vandré: enhanced immunolabeling efficiency using ultrasmall immunogold probes: immunocytochemistry j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 487-492 (2000).

12. sawada, h., and esaki, m.: a practical technique to postfix nanogold-immunolabeled specimens with osmium and to embed them in epon for electron microscopy j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 493-498 (2000).

13.  tolstonog, g. v.; sabasch, m., and traub, p.: cytoplasmic intermediate filaments are stably associated with nuclear matrices and potentially modulate their dna-binding function. dna cell biol., 21, 213-39 (2002).

14. yang, r.; tabata, s.; crowley, h. h.; margolskee, r. f., and kinnamon, j. c.: ultrastructural localization of gustducin immunoreactivity in microvilli of type ii taste cells in the rat. j. comp. neurol., 11, 139-151 (2000).

15. yoshimori, t.; yamagata, f.; yamamoto, a.; mizushima, n.; kabeya, y.; nara, a.; miwako, i.; ohashi, m.; ohsumi, m., and ohsumi, y.: the mouse skd1,a homologue of yeast vps4p, is required for normal endosomal trafficking and morphology in mammalian cells mol. biol. cell, 11, 747-763 (2000).

16. zirwes, r. f.; eilbracht, j.; kneissel, s., and schmidt-zachmann, m. s.: a novel helicase-type protein in the nucleolus: protein noh61mol. biol. cell, 11, 1153-1167 (2000).

17. ackerly, c. a., becker, l. e., tilups, a., rutlka, j. t., and mancuso, j. f.: ccd cameras facilitate the imaging of small gold particles in immunogold-labelled ultrathin cryosections. in proc 54th ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., g. w. bailey, j. m. corbett, r. v. w. dimlich, j. r. michael and n. j., zaluzec (eds.). san francisco press, san francisco, ca, pp. 904-905 (1996).

18. adams, i. r., and kilmartin, j. v.: localization of core spindle body (spb) components during spb duplication in saccharomyces cerevisiae. j. cell biol., 145, 809-823 (1999).

19. aoki, t.; hagiwara, h., and fujimoto, t.: peculiar distribution of fodrin in fat-storing cells; exp. cell. res., 234, 313-320 (1997).

20. baude, a.; nusser, z.; molnar, e.; mcilhinney, r. a. j., and somogyi, p.: high-resolution immunogold localization of ampa type glutamate receptor subunits at synaptic and non-synaptic sites in rat hippocampus. neuroscience, 69, 1031-1055 (1995).

21. baude, a., nusser, a., roberts, j.d.b., mulvihill, e., mcilhinney, r.a.j., and somogyi, p. the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mglur1 a) is concentrated at perisynaptic membranes of neuronal subpopulations as detected by immunogold reaction. neuron, 11, 771-787 (1993).

22. bernard, v.; levey, a. i., and bloch, b.: regulation of the subcellular distribution of m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in striatal neurons in vivo by the cholinergic environment: evidence for regulation of cell surface receptors by endogenous and exogenous stimulation j. neurosci., 19, 10237-10249 (1999).

23. bernard, v.; somogyi, p., and bolam, j. p.: cellular, subcellular and subsynaptic distribution of ampa-type glutamate receptor subunits in the neostriatum of the rat. j. neuroscience, 17, 819-833 (1997).

24. boisset, n. et al. electron microscopy of alpha-2- macrogolobulin with a thiol ester bound ligand. j. struct. biol., 108, 221-226 (1992).

25. braig, k., simon, m., furuya, f., hainfeld, j.f., and horwich, a.l. a polypeptide bound by the chaperonin groel is localized within a central cavity. proc. natl. acad.sci., 90, 3978-3982 (1993).

26. burry, r.w., vandrée, d. d., and hayes, d. m.: silver enhancement of gold antibody probes in pre-embedding electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. j. histochem. cytochem., 40, 1849-1856 (1992).

27. du, j.; tao-cheng, j.-h.; zerfas, p., and mcbain, c. j. the k+ channel, kv2.1, is apposed to astrocytic processes and is associated with inhibitory postsynaptic membranes in hippocampal and cortical principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. neuroscience, 84, 37-48 (1998).

28. fagotto, f.; jho, e.-h.; zeng, l.; kurth, t.; joos, t.; kaufmann, c., and constantini, f.: domains of axin involved in protein-protein interactions, wnt pathway inhibition, and intracellular localization. j. cell biol., 145, 741-756 (1999).

29. gardiol, a., racca, c., and triller, a.: dendritic and postsynaptic protein synthetic machinery. j. neuroscience, 19, 168-179 (1999).

30. gregori, l., hainfeld, j. f., simon, m. n., and goldgaber, d. binding of amyloid beta protein to the 20s proteasome. j. biol. chem., 272, 58-62 (1997).

31. gilerovitch, h.g., bishop, g.a., king, j.s., and burry, r.w. demonstration of gad in purkinje-cell terminals with silver enhanced gold immunocytochemistry. in g. bailey and c.l. rieder (eds.), proc. 51st ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., san francisco press, pp. 288-289 (1993).

32. gilerovitch, h.g., bishop, g.a., king, j.s., and burry, r.w. the use of electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with silver-enhanced 1.4nm gold particles to localize gad in the cerebellar nuclei. j. histochem. cytochem., 43, 337-43 (1995).

33. griffing, l. r., villanueva, m. a., taylor, j., and moon, s.: confocal epipolorization microscopy of gold probes in plant cells and protoplasts; methods in cell biology, 49, 109-121 (1995).

34. gutekunst, c.-a.; li, s.-h.; yi, h.;mulroy, j. s.; kuemmerle, s.; jones, r.; rye, d.; ferrante, r. j.; hersch, s. m., and li, x.-j.: nuclear and neuropil aggregates in huntington’s disease: relationship to neuropathology. j. neuroscience, 19, 2522-2534 (1999).

35. hainfeld, j.f. site specific cluster labels. ultramicroscopy, 46, 135-144 (1992).

36. hainfeld, j. f., and furuya, f. r.: silver-enhancement of nanogold and undecagold: in immunogold-silver staining: principles, methods and applications," m. a. hayat (ed.); crc press, boca raton, fl, 1995, pp. 71-96.

37. hainfeld, j.f. and furuya, f.r. a 1.4nm gold cluster covalently attached to antibodies improves immunolabeling, j. histochem. cytochem., 40, 177-184 (1992).

38. hainfeld, j. f., and powell, r. d.: nanogold technology: new frontiers in gold labeling. cell vision, 4, 408-432 (1997).

39. halasy, k.; buhl, e. h.; l?rinczi, z.; tamás, g., and somogyi, p: synaptic target selectivity and input of gabaergic basket and bistratified interneurons in the ca1 area of the rat hippocampus. hippocampus, 6, 306-329 (1996).

40. hanson, j. e., and smith, y.: group i metabotropic glutamate receptors at gabaergic synapses in monkeys; j. neurosci., 19, 6488-6496 (1999).

41. hearne, c. e.; johnson, d. l., and van campen, h.: immunogold-silver staining (igss) of (ncp and cp) bvdv-infected subcellular fraction bands; in proc 55th ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., g. w. bailey, r. v. w. dimlich, k. b. alexander, j. j. mccarthy and t. p. pretlow (eds.). springer-verlag, new york, ny, pp. 155-156 (1997).

42. hearne, c. e., and van campen, h.: immunogold-silver staining (igss) of agarose embedded (ncp) bvdv-infected cell suspensions; in proc 54th ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., g. w. bailey, j. m. corbett, r. v. w. dimlich, j. r. michael and n. j., zaluzec (eds.). san francisco press, san francisco, ca, pp. 902-903 (1996).

43. hermann, r., walther, p., and muller, m.: immunogold labeling in scanning electron microscopy; histochem. cell biol., 106, 31-39 (1996).

44. humbel, b. m.; de jong, m. d. m.; müller, w. h., and verkleij, a. j.: pre-embedding immunolabeling for electron microscopy: an evaluation of permeabilization methods and markers. microsc. res. tech., 42, 43-58 (1998).

45. humbel, b. m.; sibon, o. c. m.; stierhof, y.-d., and schwarz, h.: ultra-small gold particles and silver enhancement as a detection system in immunolabeling and in situ hybridization experiments; j. histochem. cytochem., 43, 735-737 (1995).

46. kloboucek, a.; behrisch, a.; faix, j., and sackmann, e.: adhesion-induced receptor segregation and adhesion plaque formation: a model membrane study. biophys. j., 77, 2311-2328 (1999).

47. krenács, t., and krenács, l.: immunogold-silver staining (igss) for single and multiple antigen detection in archived tissues following antigen retrieval. cell vision, 4, 387-393 (1997).

48. krenács, t. and dux, l. silver-enhanced immunogold labeling of calcium-atpase in sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. j. histochem. cytochem., 42, 967-968 (1994).

49. lackie, p. m.: immunogold silver staining for light microscopy; histochem. cell. biol., 106, 9-17 (1996).

50. larrson, l.-i.: immunogold labeling of neuroendocrine peptides with special reference to antibody specificity and multiple staining techniques [review]; histochem. cell. biol., 106, 93-103 (1996).

51. li, h.; ohishi, h.; kinoshita, a.; shigemoto, r.; nomura, s., and mizuno, n.: localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mglur7, in axon terminals of presumed nociceptive, primary afferent fibers in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn: an electron microscope study in the rat. neuroscience lett., 223, 153-156 (1997).

52. li, s.-h.; cheng, a. l.; li, h., and li, x.-j.: cellular effects and altered gene expression in pc12 cells stably expressing mutant huntingtin. j. neuroscience, 19, 5159-5172 (1999).

53. lipschitz, d. l., and michel, w. c.: physiological evidence for the discrimination of l-arginine from structural analogues by the zebrafish olfactory system j. neurophysiol., 82, 3160-3167 (1999).

54. lujan, r.; nusser, z.; roberts, j. d. b.; shigemoto r.; ohishi, h., and somogyi, p.: differential plasma membrane distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors mglur1-alpha, mglur1 and mglur5, relative to neurotransmitter release sites. j. chem. neuroanat., 13, 219-241 (1997).

55. lujan, r.; nusser, z.; roberts, j. d. b.; shigemoto r., and somogyi, p.: perisynaptic location of metabotropic glutamate receptors mglur1 and mglur5 on dendrites and dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus. eur. j. neuroscience, 8, 1488-1500 (1996).

56. matsubara, a., laake, j. h., davanger, s., usami, s.-i., and otterson, o. p.; organization of ampa receptor subunits at a glustamate synapse: a quantitative immunogold analysis of hair cell synapses in the rat organ of corti. j. neuroscience, 16, 4457-4467 (1996).

57. matsuzaki, t.; suzuki, t.; koyama, h.; tanaka, s., and takata, k.: water channel protein aqp3 is present in epithelia exposed to the environment of possible water loss. j. histochem. cytochem., 47, 1275-1286 (1999).

58. mizoguchi, a.; yano, y.; hamaguchi, h.; yanagida, h.; ide, c.; zahraoui, a.; shirataki, h.; sasaki, t., and takai, y.: localization of rabphilin-3a on the synaptic vesicle. biochem. biophys. res. commun, 202, 1235-1243 (1999).

59. nixon, g. f., mignery, g. a., and somlyo, a. v.: immunogold localization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and characterization of ultrastructural features of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in phasic and tonic smooth muscle; j. muscle res. cell mot., 15, 682-700 (1994).

60. nusser, z.; cull-candy, s., and farrant, m.; differences in synaptic gabaa receptor number underlie variation in gaba mini amplitude;neuron, 19, 697-709 (1997).

61. nusser, z.; hajos, n.; somogyi, p., and mody, i.: increased number of synaptic gabaa receptors underlies potentiation at hippocampal inhibitory synapses; nature, 395, 172-177 (1998).

62. nusser, z.; mulvihill, e.; streit, p., and somogyi, p.: subsynaptic segregation of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors as revealed by immunogold localization. neuroscience, 61, 421-427 (1994).

63. nusser, z.; roberts, j. d. b.; baude, a.; richards, j. g., and somogyi, p. relative densities of synaptic and extrasynaptic gaba-a receptors on cerebellar granule cells as determined by a quantitative immunogold method. j. neuroscience; 15, 2948-2960 (1995).

64. nusser, z.; roberts, j. d. b.; baude, a.; richards, j. g.; sieghart, w., and somogyi. p. immunocytochemical localization of the alpha-1 and beta-2/3 subunits of the gaba-a receptor in relation to specific gabaergic synapses in the dentate gyrus. eur. j. neurosci., 7, 630-646 (1995).

65. nusser, z.; sieghart, w.; benke, d.; fritschy, j.-m., and somogyi, p.: differential synaptic localization of two major gamma-aminobutyric acid type a receptor alpha subunits on hippocampal pyramidal cells. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 93, 11939-11944 (1996).

66. nusser, z., sieghart, w., and somogyi, p.: segregation of different gabaa receptors to synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes of cerebellar granule cells. j. neuroscience, 18, 1693-1703 (1998).

67. nusser, z.; sieghart, w.; stephenson, f. a., and somogyi, p.: the alpha-6 subunit of the gabaa receptor is concentrated in both inhibitory and excitatory synapses on cerebellar granule cells. j. neuroscience, 16, 103-114 (1996).

68. nusser, z., and somogyi, p.: compartmentalised distribution of gabaa and glutamate receptors in relation to transmitter release sites on the surface of cerebellar neurones. prog. brain research, (c. i. de zeeuw, p. strata and j. voogd, eds.), elsevier, oxford, uk.; 114, 1488-1500 (1997).

69. pohl, k., and stierhof, y.-d.: action of gold chloride ("gold toning") on silver-enhanced 1 nm gold markers. microsc. res. tech., 42, 66-79 (1998).

70. punnonen, e.-l., fages, c., wartiovaara, j., and rauvala, h.: ultrststructural localization of beta-actin and amphoterin mrna in cultured cells: application of tyramide signal amplification and comparison of detection methods; j. histochem. cytochem., 47, 99 (1999).

71. robinett, c. c., straight, a., li, g., willhelm, c., sudlow, g., murray, a., and belmont, a. s.: in vivo localization of dna sequences and visualization of large-scale chromatin organization using lac operator/repressor recognition. j. cell biol., 135, 1685-1700 (1996).

72. robinson, j. m., and takizawa, t.: novel labeling methods for em analysis of ultrathin cryosections. in proc 54th ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., g. w. bailey, j. m. corbett, r. v. w. dimlich, j. r. michael and n. j., zaluzec (eds.). san francisco press, san francisco, ca, pp. 894-895 (1996).

73. salas, p. j. i.: insoluble gamma-tubulin-containing structures are anchored to the apical network of intermediate filaments in polarized caco-2 epithelial cells. j. cell biol., 146, 645-657 (1999).

74. sawada, h., sugawara, i., kitami, a., and hayashi, m. vitronectin in the cytoplasm of leydig cells in the rat testis. biol. reprod., 54, 29-35 (1996).

75. sawada, h., and esaki, h: use of nanogold followed by silver enhancement and gold toning for preembedding immunolocalization. j. elect. micro., 43, 361-66 (1994).

76. shigemoto, r., kulik, a., roberts, j. d. b., ohishi, h., nusser, z., kaneko, t., and somogyi, p.; target-cell-specific concentration of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in the presynaptic active zone. nature, 381, 523-525 (1996).

77. somogyi, p.; tamas, g.; lujan, r., and buhl, e. h.: salient features of synaptic organization in the cerebral cortex. brain res., brain res. rev., 26 113-135 (1999).

78. soussan, l.; burakov, m.; daniels, m. p.; toister-achituv, m.; porat, a.; yarden, y., and elazar, z.: erg30, a vap-33-related protein, functions in protein transport mediated by copi vesicles. j. cell biol., 146, 301-311 (1999).

79. sun, x.j., tolbert, l.p. and hildebrand, j.g. using laser scanning confocal microscopy as a guide for electron microscopic study: a simple method for correlation of light and electron microscopy. j. histochem. cytochem., 43, 329-35 (1995).

80. suzuki, e., and hirosawa, k. immunolocalization of a drosphila phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (rdgb) in normal and rdga mutant photoreceptor cells with special reference to the subrhabdomeric cisternae. j. electron microsc., 43, 183-189 (1994).

81. suzuki, y.; itakura, m.; kashiwagi, m.; nakamura, n.; matsuki, t.; sakuta, h.; naito, n.; takano, k.; fujita, t., and hirose, s.: identification by differential display of a hypertonicity-inducible inward rectifier potassium channel highly expressed in chloride cells. j. biol. chem,274, 11376-11382 (1999).

82. takizawa, t.: high-resolution immunocytochemical labeling of replicas with ultrasmall gold. j. histochem. cytochem., 47, 569-573 (1999).

83. takizawa, t. and robinson, j.m. use of 1.4-nm immunogold particles for immunocytochemistry on ultra-thin cryo- sections. j. histochem. cytochem., 42, 1615-1623 (1994).

84. tanner, v. a., ploug, t., and tao-cheng, j.-h. subcellular localization of sv2 and other secretory vesicle components in pc12 cells by an efficient method of preembedding em immunocytochemistry for cell cultures. j. histochem. cytochem., 44, 1481-1488 (1996).

85. tao-cheng, j.-h. and tanner, v.a. a modified method of pre-embedding em immunocytochemistry which improves specificity and simplifies the process for in vitro cells. in g. bailey and a.j. garratt-reed (eds.), proc. 52nd ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer.; (pp. 306-307). san francisco press (1994).

86. thompson, w. f., beven, a. f., wells, b., and shaw, p. j. sites of rdna transcription genes are widely dispersed through the nucleolus in pisum sativum and can comprise single genes. plant j., 12, 571-581 (1997).

87. vandre, d.d. and burry, r.w. immunoelectron microscopic localization of phosphoproteins associated with the mitotic spindle. j. histochem.cytochem., 40, 1837-1847 (1992).

88. yazama, f., esaki, m., and sawada, h.: immunocytochemistry of extracellular matric components in the rat seminiferous tubule: electron microscopic localization with improved methodology. anat. rec., 248, 51-62 (1997).

89. yoshida, m.;wakatsuki, y.; kobayashi, y.; itoh, t.; murakami, k.; mizoguchi, a.; usui, t.; chiba, t., and kita, t.; cloning and characterization of a novel membrane-associated antigenic protein of helicobacter pylori. infection and immunity, 67, 286-293 (1999).

90. immunogold-silver staining: principles, methods and applications," m. a. hayat (ed.); crc press, boca raton, fl, 1995. see chapters by: burry, r. w.; hainfeld, j. f., and furuya, f. r. (pp. 71-96); and hacker, g.

---

nanogold® streptavidin

1. bendayan, m.: worth its weight in gold. science, 291, 1363-5 (2001).

2. graf, a. h.; cheung, a. l.; hauser-kornberger, c.; dandachi, n.; tubbs, r. r.; dietze, o., and hacker, g. w.: clinical relevance of hpv 16/18 testing methods in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. appl. immunohistochem. molecul. morphol., 8, 300-9 (2000).

3. tubbs, r.; pettay, j.; skacel, m.; powell, r.; stoler, m.; roche, p., and hainfeld, j.: gold-facilitated in situ hybridization: a bright-field autometallographic alternative to fluorescence in situ hybridization for detection of her-2/neu gene amplification. am. j. pathol., 160, 1589-1595 (2002).

4. weipoltshammer, k.; schéfer, c.; almeder, m., and wachtler, f.: signal enhancement at the electron microscopic level using nanogold and gold-based autometallography. histochem. cell biol., 114, 489-495 (2000).

5. cheung, a. l.; graf, a. h.; hauser-kronberger, c.; dietze, o.; tubbs, r. r., and hacker, g. w.: detection of human papillomavirus in cervical carcinoma: comparison or peroxidase, nanogold, and catalyzed reporter deposition (card)-nanogold in situ hybridization mod. pathol., 12, 689 (1999).

6. hacker, g. w., and danscher, g.: recent advances in immunogold-silver staining-autometallography; cell vision 1, 102 (1994).

7. hacker, g. w., hauser-kronberger, c., zehbe, i., su, h., schiechl, a., dietze, o., and tubbs, r.: in situ localization of dna and rna sequences: super-sensitive in situ hybridization using streptavidin-nanogold-silver staining: minireview, protocols and possible applications. cell vision, 4, 54-65 (1997).

8. hacker, g. w.; hauser-kronberger, c.; zehbe, i.; su, h., and tubbs, r.: new advances in super-sensitive dna-, rna- and antigen detection: combination of labeled tyramides with nanogold-silver staining (ngss). proc. 56th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; bailey, g. w.; alexander, k. b.; jerome, w. g.; bond, m. g., and mccarthy, j. j., eds.; springer, new york, ny, 1998, 996-997.

9. hacker, g. w.; zehbe, i.; hainfeld, j.; s?llstr?m, j.; hauser-kronberger, c.; graf, a.-h.; su, h.; dietze, o., and bagasra, o; high-performance nanogold® in situ hybridization and in situ pcr. cell vision, 3, 209 (1996).

10. hacker, g. w., zehbe, i., hainfeld, j., graf, a.-h., hauser-kronberger, c., schiechl, a., su, h., and dietze, o.: high performance nanogold®-in situ hybridization and its use in the detection of hybridized and pcr-amplified microscopical preparations; in proc 54th ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., g. w. bailey, j. m. corbett, r. v. w. dimlich, j. r. michael and n. j., zaluzec (eds.). san francisco press, san francisco, ca, pp. 896-897 (1996).

11. hauser-kronberger, c.: highly sensitive dna, rna and antigen detection methods. streptavidin-nanogold-silver staining. cell vision, 5, 83 (1998).

12. sch?fer, c.; weipoltshammer, k.; hauser-kronberger, c., and wachtler, f.: high-resolution detection of nucleic acids at the electron microscope level - review of in situ hybridization technology, the use of gold, and catalyzed reporter deposition (card). cell vision, 4, 443-454 (1997).

13. tbakhi, a.; totos, g.; hauser-kronberger, c.; pettay, j.; baunoch, d.; hacker, g. w., and tubbs, r. r.: fixation conditions for dna and rna in situ hybridization: a reassessment of molecular morphology dogma. am. j. pathol., 152, 35-41 (1998).

14. totos, g.; tbakhi, a.; hauser-kronberger, c., and tubbs, r. r.: catalyzed reporter deposition: a new era in molecular and immunomorphology - nanogold-silver staining and colorimetric detection and protocols. cell vision, 4, 433-442 (1997).

15. woldin, c. n.; hing, f. s.; lee, j.; pilch, p. f., and shipley, g. g.: structural studies of the detergent-solubilized and vesicle-reconstituted insulin receptor j. biol. chem, 274, 34981-34992 (1999).

16. zehbe, i., hacker, g.w., su, h., hauser-kronberger, c., hainfeld, j.f., and tubbs, r.: sensitive in situ hybridization with catalyzed reporter deposition, streptavidin-nanogold, and silver acetate autometallography. detection of single-copy human papillomavirus. am. j. pathol. 150, 1553-1561 (1997).

alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金结合物： 


品名	产品描述	货号	规格
兔抗山羊igg alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 488的亲和纯化的fab’	7206	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗豚鼠igg alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 488的亲和纯化的fab’	7255	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗人igg alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 488的亲和纯化的fab’	7253	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗小鼠igg alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 488的亲和纯化的fab’	7202	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗兔igg alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 488的亲和纯化的fab’	7204	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗大鼠igg alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 488的亲和纯化的fab’	7208	0.5ml
			1ml
兔抗绵羊igg alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 488的亲和纯化的fab’	7251	0.5ml
			1ml
链酶亲和素alexa fluor® 488 荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 488的亲和纯化的fab’	7216	0.5ml
			1ml

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


alexa fluor®* 546荧光纳米金结合物：

品名	产品描述	货号	规格
山羊抗豚鼠igg alexa fluor®* 546荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 546的亲和纯化的fab’	7455	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗小鼠igg alexa fluor®* 546荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 546的亲和纯化的fab’	7402	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗兔igg alexa fluor®* 546荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 546的亲和纯化的fab’	7404	0.5ml
			1ml
链酶亲和素alexa fluor®* 546荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了alexa fluor® 546的亲和纯化的fab’	7416	0.5ml
			1ml


alexa fluor® 594荧光纳米金结合物：

品名	产品描述	货号	规格
山羊抗豚鼠igg alexa fluor® 594荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了结合alexa fluor® 594的亲和纯化的fab’	7355	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗小鼠igg alexa fluor® 594荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了结合alexa fluor® 594的亲和纯化的fab’	7302	0.5ml
			1ml
山羊抗兔igg alexa fluor® 594荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了结合alexa fluor® 594的亲和纯化的fab’	7304	0.5ml
			1ml
链酶亲和素alexa fluor®* 594荧光纳米金	1.4nm, 连接了结合alexa fluor® 594的亲和纯化的fab’	7316	0.5ml
			1ml

references：
fluorescein fluoronanogold conjugates

•  powell, r. d., and hainfeld, j. f.: combined fluorescent and gold probes for microscopic and morphological investigations. ingold and silver staining: techniques in molecular morphology, (g. w. hacker and j. gu, eds.), crc press, boca raton, fl; pp. 107-118 (2002).

• robinson, j. m.; takizawa, t., and vandré, d. d.: applications of gold cluster compounds in immunocytochemistry and correlative microscopy: comparison with colloidal gold. j. microsc., 199, 163-79 (2000).

• robinson, j. m.; takizawa, t., and vandré: enhanced immunolabeling efficiency using ultrasmall immunogold probes: immunocytochemistry j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 487-492 (2000).

• takeuchi, s.; takagishi, y.; yasui, k.; murata, y.; toyama, j., and kodama, i.: voltage-gated k(+)channel, kv4.2, localizes predominantly to the transverse-axial tubular system of the rat myocyte j. mol. cell.cardiol., 32, 1361-1369 (2000).

• takizawa, t., and robinson, j. m.: analysis of antiphotobleaching reagents for use with fluoronanogold in correlative microscopy j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 433-436 (2000).

• takizawa, t., and robinson, j. m.: fluoronanogold is a bifunctional immunoprobe for correlative fluorescence and electron microscopyj. histochem. cytochem., 48, 481-485 (2000).

fluorescein fluoronanogold conjugates

1. humbel, b. m.; de jong, m. d. m.; müller, w. h., and verkleij, a. j.: pre-embedding immunolabeling for electron microscopy: an evaluation of permeabilization methods and markers. microsc. res. tech., 42, 43-58 (1998).

2. powell, r. d.; halsey, c. m. r.; gutierrez, e.; hainfeld, j. f., and furuya, f. r.: dual-labeled probes for fluorescence and electron microscopy. proc. 56th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; bailey, g. w.; alexander, k. b.; jerome, w. g.; bond, m. g., and mccarthy, j. j., eds.; springer, new york, ny, 1998, 992-993.

3. powell, r. d.; halsey, c. m. r., and hainfeld, j. f.: combined fluorescent and gold immunoprobes: reagents and methods for correlative light and electron microscopy. microsc. res. tech., 42, 2-12 (1998).

4. powell, r. d.; halsey, c. m. r.; spector, d. l.; kaurin, s. l.; mccann, j.;, and hainfeld, j. f. a covalent fluorescent-gold immunoprobe: "simultaneous" detection of a pre-mrna splicing factor by light and electron microscopy. j. histochem. cytochem., 45, 947-956 (1997).

5. powell, r. d.; hainfeld, j. f.; halsey, c. m. r.; spector, d. l.; kaurin, s.; mccann, j.; craig, r.; fay, f. s., and mcnamara, k. e.: large cluster and combined fluorescent and gold immunoprobes. in proc 54th ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., g. w. bailey, j. m. corbett, r. v. w. dimlich, j. r. michael and n. j., zaluzec (eds.). san francisco press, san francisco, ca, pp. 892-893 (1996).

6. powell, r.d., hainfeld, j.f., churchill, m.e.a., and belmont, a.s.i. combined fluorescent and gold nucleic acid probes. in g. bailey and a.j. garratt-reed (eds.). proc 52nd ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., san francisco press, pp.176-177 (1994).

7. robinson, j. m.: fluoronanogold: an efficient labeling reagent for immunocytochemistry. proc. 56th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; bailey, g. w.; alexander, k. b.; jerome, w. g.; bond, m. g., and mccarthy, j. j., eds.; springer, new york, ny, 1998, 990-991.

8. robinson, j. m.; takizawa, t.: biological labeling and correlative microscopy; proc. 57th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; g. w. bailey, w. g. jerome, s. mckernan, j. f. mansfield, and r. l. price (eds.); springer-verlag, new york, ny; 1999, 474-475.

9. robinson, j. m.; takizawa, t.; vandré, d. d., and burry, r. w.: ultrasmall immunogold particles: important probes for immunocytochemistry; microsc. res. tech., 42, 13-23 (1998).

10. robinson, j. m., and vandré, d. d. efficient immunocytochemical labeling of leukocyte microtubules with fluoronanogold: an important tool for correlative microscopy. j. histochem. cytochem., 45, 631-642 (1997).

11. takizawa, t., and robinson, j. m.: fluoronanogold as a probe for high resolution correlation between immunofluorescence and electron microscopy; proc. 57th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; g. w. bailey, w. g. jerome, s. mckernan, j. f. mansfield, and r. l. price (eds.); springer-verlag, new york, ny; 1999, 476-477.

12. takizawa, t.; suzuki, k., and robinson, j. m.: correlative microscopy using fluoronanogold on ultrathin cryosections: proof of principle;j. histochem. cytochem., 46, 1097-1102 (1998).

a prototype was used in the following publication:
huang, s.; deerinck, t. j.; ellisman, m. h., and spector, d. l.: in vivo analysis of the stability and transport of nuclear poly(a)+ rna; j. cell. biol., 126, 877-899 (1994).
cy3®-fluoronanogold conjugates

• keohane, e. m.; orr, g. a.;takvorian, p. m.;cali, a.; tanowitz, h. b.; wittner, m., and weiss, l. m.: polar tube proteins of microsporida of the family encephalitozoonidae; j. euk. microbiol., 46, 1-5 (1999).

•  powell, r. d., and hainfeld, j. f.: combined fluorescent and gold probes for microscopic and morphological investigations. ingold and silver staining: techniques in molecular morphology, (g. w. hacker and j. gu, eds.), crc press, boca raton, fl; pp. 107-118 (2002).

• powell, r. d.; halsey, c. m. r., and hainfeld, j. f.: combined fluorescent and gold immunoprobes: reagents and methods for correlative light and electron microscopy. microsc. res. tech., 42, 2-12 (1998).

• powell, r. d.; joshi, v. n.; halsey, c. m. r.; hainfeld, j. f.; hacker, g. w.; hauser-kronberger, c.; muss, w. h., and takvorian, p. m.: combined cy3 / nanogold conjugates for immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization; proc. 57th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; g. w. bailey, w. g. jerome, s. mckernan, j. f. mansfield, and r. l. price (eds.); springer-verlag, new york, ny; 1999, 478-479.
  连接了脂类的纳米金：

品名	产品描述	货号	规格
palmitoyl nanogold®	共价结合c15棕榈酸的1.4nm纳米金颗粒	4020	30 nmol
dppe nanogold®	共价结合二棕榈酰磷酯酰乙醇胺的1.4nm纳米金颗粒	4021	30 nmol
palmitoyl undecagold	共价结合c15棕榈酸的0.8nm纳米金颗粒	4022	30 nmol
dppe undecagold	共价结合二棕榈酰磷酯酰乙醇胺的0.8nm纳米金颗粒	4023	30 nmol

references：

• adler-moore, j.: ambisome targeting to fungal infections. bone marrow transplantation, 14, s3-s7 (1994).

• hainfeld, j. f.; furuya, f. r., and powell, r. d.: metallosomes. j. struct. biol., 127, 152-160 (1999).

• hainfeld, j. f.: gold liposomes. in proc 54th ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., g. w. bailey, j. m. corbett, r. v. w. dimlich, j. r. michael and n. j., zaluzec (eds.). san francisco press, san francisco, ca, pp. 898-899 (1996).

• hainfeld, j. f., and powell, r. d.: new frontiers in gold labeling j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 471-480 (2000).

• thurston, g., mclean, j. w., rizen, m., baluk, p., haskell, a., murphy, t. j., hanahan, d., and mcdonald, d. m.: cationic liposomes target endothelial cells in tumors and chronic infalmmation in mice. j. clin. invest., 101, 1401-1413 (1998).
  带不同反应基的纳米金颗粒：

品名	产品描述	货号	规格
monomaleimido nanogold®(mmn)	用于标记巯基，可标记fab’、抗体、含半胱氨酸的蛋白质或其他含氢巯基的复合物, 1.4 nm	2020	30 nmol
monoamino nanogold®	1.4nm, 标记糖蛋白的碳水化合物部分或其他应用。	2021	30 nmol
mono-sulfo-nhs-nanogold®	14nm，标记伯胺	2025	30 nmol
positively charged nanogold®	1.4nm，带正电，含多个胺，用于结合带负电的位点，或其他偶联方案。	2022	30 nmol
negatively charged nanogold®	1.4nm，带负电，含多个胺，用于结合带正电的位点，或其他偶联方案。	2023	30 nmol
nanogold® particles, non- functionalized	1.4nm金颗粒，冻干粉，非活性形式	2010	30 nmol

references：

positively charged nanogold®

1. seron, k., tieaho, v., prescianotto-baschong, c., aust, t., blondel, m. o., guillard, p., devilliers, g., rossanese, o. w., glick, b. s., riezman, h., keranen, s., and haguenauer-tapis, r.: a yeast t-snare involved in endocytosis; mol. biol. cell, 9, 2873 (1998).

2. prescianotto-baschong, c., and riezman, h.: morphology of the yeast endocytic pathway. mol. cell biol., 9, 173-189 (1998).

3. ---

negatively charged nanogold®

1.  akaki, m.; nagayasu, e.; nakano, y., and aikawa, m.: surface charge of plasmodium falciparum merozoites as revealed by atomic force microscopy with surface potential spectroscopy. parasitol. res., 88, 16-20 (2002).

recent references: monomaleimido-nanogold®

• ackerly, c. a.; tilups, a., and becker, l. e.: strategies insuring the optimal use of igg or fab’ fragments covalently bound to 1.4 nm nanogold® in immunogold labeling procedures. proc. 56th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; bailey, g. w.; alexander, k. b.; jerome, w. g.; bond, m. g., and mccarthy, j. j., eds.; springer, new york, ny, 1998, 988-989.

• hainfeld, j. f., and powell, r. d.: new frontiers in gold labeling j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 471-480 (2000).

• jeon, h., and shipley, g. g. localization of the n-terminal domain of the low density lipoprotein receptor. j. biol. chem.,, 275, 30465-30470 (2000).

• jeon, h., and shipley, g. g. vesicle-reconstituted low density lipoprotein receptor: visualization by cryoelectron microscopy. j. biol. chem., 275, 30458-30464 (2000).

•  mahdi, f.; madar, z. s.; figueroa, c. d., and schmaier, a. h.: factor xii interacts with the multiprotein assembly of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, gc1qr, and cytokeratin 1 on endothelial cell membranes. blood, 99, 3585-3596 (2002).

• malecki, m.; hsu, a.; truong, l., and sanchez, s: molecular immunolabeling with recombinant single-chain variable fragment (scfv) antibodies designed with metal-binding domains; proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 99, 213-218 (2002).

• medalia, o.; heim, m.; guckenberger, r.; sperling, r., and sperling, j.: gold-tagged rna-a probe for macromolecular assemblies. j. struct. biol., 127, 113-119 (1999).

• montesano-roditis, l.; glitz, d. g.; traut, r. r., and stewart, p. l.: cryo-electron microscopic localization of protein l7/l12 within the escherichia coli 70s ribosome by difference mapping and nanogold labeling. j. biol. chem., e-publication ahead of print.

• qualmann, b.; kessels, m. m.; thole, h. h., and sierralta, w. d.; a hormone pulse induces transient changes in the subcellular distribution and leads to a lysosomal accumulation of the estradiol receptor alpha in target tissues. eur. j. cell biol., 79, 383-93 (2000).

• robinson, j. m.; takizawa, t.; vandré, d. d., and burry, r. w.: ultrasmall immunogold particles: important probes for immunocytochemistry; microsc. res. tech., 42, 13-23 (1998).

• scheibel, t.; kowal, a. s.; bloom, j. d., and lindquist, s.l.: bidirectional amyloid fiber growth for a yeast prion determinant. current biology, 11, 366-369 (2001).

• schwartz, m. p., and matouschek, a.: the dimensions of the protein import channels in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes.proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 96, 13086-13090 (1999).

•  tolstonog, g. v.; sabasch, m., and traub, p.: cytoplasmic intermediate filaments are stably associated with nuclear matrices and potentially modulate their dna-binding function. dna cell biol., 21, 213-39 (2002).

• traxler, k. w.; norcum, m. t.; hainfeld, j. f., and carlson, g. m.: direct visualization of the calmodulin subunit of phosphorylase kinase via electron microscopy following subunit exchange. j. struct. biol., 135, 231-8 (2001).

• woldin, c. n.; hing, f. s.; lee, j.; pilch, p. f., and shipley, g. g.: structural studies of the detergent-solubilized and vesicle-reconstituted insulin receptor j. biol. chem, 274, 34981-34992 (1999).

monomaleimido-nanogold®

1. alivisatos, a. p., johnsson, k. p., peng, x., wilson, t. e., loweth, c. j., bruchez, m. p., jr., and schultz, p. g.: organization of ’nanocrystal molecules’ using dna. nature, 382, 609 (1996).

2. boisset, n., penczek, p., pochon, f., frank, j., and lamy, j. three-dimensional reconstruction of human alpha 2-macroglbulin and refinement of the localization of thiol ester bonds with monomaleimido nanogold;. ann. ny acad. sci., 737, 229-44 (1994).

3. boisset, n., grassucci, r., penczek, p., delain, e., pochon, f., frank, j., and lamy, j.n. three-dimensional reconstruction of a complex of human alpha-2-macroglobulin with monomaleimido nanogold; (au1.4nm) embedded in ice. j. struct. biol., 109;39-45 (1992).

4. gregori, l., hainfeld, j. f., simon, m. n., and goldgaber, d. binding of amyloid beta protein to the 20s proteasome. j. biol. chem., 272, 58-62 (1997).

5. hainfeld, j. f.: labeling with nanogold and undecagold: techniques and results. scanning microsc. suppl. (proc. 14th pfefferkorn conf.); malecki, m., and roomans, g. m. (eds.). scanning microscopy international, chicago, il, 10, 309-322 (1996).

6. hainfeld, j. f., and powell, r. d.: nanogold technology: new frontiers in gold labeling. cell vision, 4, 408-432 (1997).

7. lin, m., sistina, y., and rodger, j. c.: electron-microscopic localisation of thiol and disulphide groups by direct monomaleimido-nanogold labeling in the spermatozoa of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii); cell tisue res., 282, 291-296 (1995).

8. malecki, m.: energy filtering transmission electron microscopy of transfected dna; in proc 54th ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer., g. w. bailey, j. m. corbett, r. v. w. dimlich, j. r. michael and n. j., zaluzec (eds.). san francisco press, san francisco, ca, pp. 924-925 (1996).

9. rayner, s. l., and stephenson, f. a. labelling and characterization of gamma-aminobutyric acida receptor subunit-specific antibodies with monomaleimido-nanogold. biochem. soc. trans., 25, 546s (1997).

10. spin, j. m., and atkinson, d.: cryoelectron microscopy of low density lipoprotein in vitreous ice. biophys. j., 68, 2115-2123 (1995).

11. wagenknecht, t,; berkowitz, j.; grassucci, r.; timerman, a. p., and fleischer, s.: localization of calmodulin binding sites on the ryanodine receptor from skeletal muscle by electron microscopy. biophys. j., 67, 2286-2295 (1994).

12. wenzel, t., and baumeister, w.: conformational restraints in protein degradation by the 20s proteasome. nature struct. biol., 2, 199-204 (1995).

13. wilkens, s. and capaldi, r.a. monomaleimidogold labeling of the g subunit of the e. coli f1 atpase examined by cryoelectron microscopy. arch biochem. biophys., 229, 105-109 (1992).

14. yanase, k.; smith, r. m.; cizman, b.; foster, m. h.; peachey, l. d.; jarrett, l., and madaio, m. p.: a subgroup of murine monoclonal anti-deoxyribonucleic acid antibodies traverse the cytoplasm and enter the nucleus in a time- and temperature- dependent manner;laboratory investigation, 71, 52-60 (1994).

15. yang, y. s.; datta, a.; hainfeld, j. f.; furuya, f. r.; wall, j. s., and frey, p. a.: mapping the lipoyl groups of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by use of gold cluster labels and scanning transmission electron microscopy. biochemistry, 16;33(32), 9428-9437 (1994).

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mono-sulfo-nhs-nanogold®

1. hainfeld, j. f.: labeling with nanogold and undecagold: techniques and results. scanning microsc. suppl. (proc. 14th pfefferkorn conf.); malecki, m., and roomans, g. m. (eds.). scanning microscopy international, chicago, il, 10, 309-322 (1996).

2. hainfeld, j. f., and powell, r. d.: new frontiers in gold labeling j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 471-480 (2000).

3. hainfeld, j. f., and powell, r. d.: nanogold technology: new frontiers in gold labeling. cell vision, 4, 408-432 (1997).

4. hamad-schifferli, k.; schwartz, j. j.; santos, a. t.; zhang, s., and jacobson, j. m.: remote electronic control of dna hybridization through inductive coupling to an attached metal nanocrystal antenna. nature, 2002, 415, 152-155.

5. luo, r. z.-t.; beniac, d. r.; fernandes, a.; yip, c. c., and ottensmeyer, f. p.: quaternary structure of the insulin-insulin receptor complex. science, 285, 1077-1080 (1999).

6. ottensmeyer, f. p.; luo, r. z.-t.; fernandes, a. b.; beniac, d., and yip, c. c.: insulin receptor: 3d reconstruction from darkfield stem images, structural interpretation and functional model; proc. 57th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; g. w. bailey, w. g. jerome, s. mckernan, j. f. mansfield, and r. l. price (eds.); springer-verlag, new york, ny; 1999, 408-409.

7. segond von banchet, g., schindler, m., hervieu, g. j.; beckmann, b., emson, p. c., and heppelmann, b.: distribution of somatostain receptor subtypes in rat lumbar spinal cord examined with gold-labelled somatostatin and anti-receptor antibodies; brain res., 816, 254 (1999).

8. ribrioux, s., kleymann, g., haase, w., heitmann, k., ostermeier, c., and michel, h. use of nanogold- and fluorescent-labeled antibody fv fragments in immunocytochemistry. j. histochem. cytochem., 44, 207-213 (1996).

9. segond von banchet, g., and heppelman, b.: non-radioactive localization of substance p binding sites in rat brain and spinal cord using peptides labeled with 1.4 nm gold particles; j. histochem. cytochem., 43, 821 (1995).

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monoamino-nanogold®

1. wille, h.; michelitsch, m. d.; guenebaut, v.; supattapone, s.; serban, a.; cohen, f. e.; agard, d. a, and prusiner, s. b.: structural studies of the scrapie prion protein by electron crystallography. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 99, 3563-8 (2002).

2. shah, n., zhang, s., harada, s., smith, r. m., and jarrett, l.: electron microscopic visualization of insulin translocation into the cytoplasm and nuclei of intact h35 hepatoma cells using covalently linked nanogold-insulin. endocrinology, 136, 2825-2835 (1995).

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other nanogold® reagents 
nanogold® nitrilotriacetic acid-ni(ii)

1. hainfeld, j. f.; liu, w.; halsey, c. m. r.; freimuth, p., and powell, r. d.: ni-nta-gold clusters target his-tagged proteins. j. struct. biol., 127, 185-198 (1999).

2. hainfeld, j. f.; powell, r. d.; halsey, c. m. r., and freimuth, p.: ni-nta-nanogold for binding his tags. proc. xiv int. congress on electron microscopy, calderon benevides, h. a., and jose yacaman, m. (eds.); institute of physics publishing, bristol, uk, 1998, p. 859.

nanogold® enzyme substrates

• mayer, g.; leone. r. d.; hainfeld, j. f., and bendayan, m.: introduction of a novel hrp substrate-nanogold probe for signal amplification in immunocytochemistry j. histochem. cytochem., 48, 461-469 (2000).
  undecagold (au11)：比纳米金小，直径仅0.8nm。适用于超高分辨率电镜（如扫描透射电镜）或透射电镜与图像处理结合的技术。单个聚合物在tem下通常不能被直接观测到，染色更慢，与纳米金相比，银沉积的量更少。因此在很多应用中，建议选用纳米金而非undecagold。

  品名	货号	规格
  monomaleimido undecagold	2030	50 nmol
  monoamino undecagold	2031	50 nmol
  mono-sulfo-nhs-undecagold	2045	50 nmol
  positively charged undecagold	2043	50 nmol
  negatively charged undecagold	2044	50 nmol
  undecagold particles, non- functionalized	2060	50 nmoles

  references： 
  undecagold: recent new references

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  other publications

• oliver, r. m.: negative stain electron microscopy of protein macromolecules. meth. enzym., 27, 616-672 (1973).

• shayakhmetov, d. m.; papayannopoulou, t.; stamatoyannopoulos, g., and lieber, a.: efficient gene transfer intohuman cd34+ cells by a retargeted adenovirus vector j. virol., 74, 2567-2583 (2000).

•  franzetti, b.; schoehn, g.; hernandez, j. f.; jaquinod, m.; ruigrok, r. w.; and zaccai, g.: tetrahedral aminopeptidase: a novel large protease complex from archaea. embo j., 21, 2132-2138 (2002).

• gregori, l., hainfeld, j. f., simon, m. n., and goldgaber, d. binding of amyloid beta protein to the 20s proteasome. j. biol. chem., 272, 58-62 (1997).

• hainfeld, j.f., safer, d., wall, j.s., simon, m., lin, b., and powell, r. d. methylamine vanadate (nanovan) negative stain. in proc. 52nd ann. mtg. micros. soc. amer.; bailey, g.w. and garratt-reed, a.j. (eds.), san francisco press, san francisco. 132-133, (1994).

• tracz, e., dickson, d. w., hainfeld, j. f., and ksiezak-reding, h. paired helical filaments in corticobasal degeneration: the fine fibrillary structure with nanovan. brain res., 773, 33-44 (1997).

• tracz, e., dickson, d.w., hainfeld, j.f., and ksiezak-reding, h. the ultrastructure of paired helical filaments with nanovan, a novel negative stain reagent. proc. xiiith int. cong. for elec. micros., paris (1994) pp. 675-676.

• zagursky, r. j.; ooi, p.; jones, k. f.; fiske, m. j.; smith, r. p., and green, b. a. identification of a haemophilus influenzae 5’-nucleotidase protein: cloning of the nuca gene and immunogenicity and characterization of the nuca protein. infect. immun., 68, 2525-34 (2000).

• 负染试剂：

• hainfeld, j. f., and furuya, f. r.: silver-enhancement of nanogold and undecagold: in immunogold-silver staining: principles, methods and applications," m. a. hayat (ed.); crc press, boca raton, fl, 1995, pp. 71-96.

• rayner, s. l., and stephenson, f. a. labelling and characterization of gamma-amminobutyric acida receptor subunit-specific antibodies with monomaleimido-nanogold. biochem. soc. trans., 25, 546s (1997).

• baude, a.; nusser, z.; molnar, e.; mcilhinney, r. a. j., and somogyi, p.: high-resolution immunogold localization of ampa type glutamate receptor subunits at synaptic and non-synaptic sites in rat hippocampus. neuroscience, 69, 1031-1055 (1997).

• baude, a.; nusser, z.; molnar, e.; mcilhinney, r. a. j., and somogyi, p.: high-resolution immunogold localization of ampa type glutamate receptor subunits at synaptic and non-synaptic sites in rat hippocampus. neuroscience, 69, 1031-1055 (1995).

• baude, a., nusser, a., roberts, j.d.b., mulvihill, e., mcilhinney, r.a.j., and somogyi, p. the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mglur1 a) is concentrated at perisynaptic membranes of neuronal subpopulations as detected by immunogold reaction. neuron, 11, 771-787 (1993).

• bernard, v.; levey, a. i., and bloch, b.: regulation of the subcellular distribution of m4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in striatal neurons in vivo by the cholinergic environment: evidence for regulation of cell surface receptors by endogenous and exogenous stimulation j. neurosci., 19, 10237-10249 (1999).

• bernard, v.; somogyi, p., and bolam, j. p.: cellular, subcellular and subsynaptic distribution of ampa-type glutamate receptor subunits in the neostriatum of the rat. j. neuroscience, 17, 819-833 (1997).

• du, j.; tao-cheng, j.-h.; zerfas, p., and mcbain, c. j. the k+ channel, kv2.1, is apposed to astrocytic processes and is associated with inhibitory postsynaptic membranes in hippocampal and cortical principal neurons and inhibitory interneurons. neuroscience, 84, 37-48 (1998).

• gardiol, a., racca, c., and triller, a.: dendritic and postsynaptic protein synthetic machinery. j. neuroscience, 19, 168-179 (1999).

• hainfeld, j. f., and furuya, f. r.: silver-enhancement of nanogold and undecagold: in immunogold-silver staining: principles, methods and applications," m. a. hayat (ed.); crc press, boca raton, fl, 1995, pp. 71-96.

• halasy, k.; buhl, e. h.; l?rinczi, z.; tamás, g., and somogyi, p: synaptic target selectivity and input of gabaergic basket and bistratified interneurons in the ca1 area of the rat hippocampus. hippocampus, 6, 306-329 (1996).

• hanson, j. e., and smith, y.: group i metabotropic glutamate receptors at gabaergic synapses in monkeys; j. neurosci., 19, 6488-6496 (1999).

• huang, s.; deerinck, t. j.; ellisman, m. h., and spector, d. l.: in vivo analysis of the stability and transport of nuclear poly(a)+ rna; j. cell. biol., 126, 877-899 (1994).

• humbel, b. m.; sibon, o. c. m.; stierhof, y.-d., and schwarz, h.: ultra-small gold particles and silver enhancement as a detection system in immunolabeling and in situ hybridization experiments; j. histochem. cytochem., 43, 735-737 (1995).

• lin, m., sistina, y., and rodger, j. c.: electron-microscopic localisation of thiol and disulphide groups by direct moomaleimido-nanogold labeling in the spermatozoa of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii); cell tisue res., 282, 291-296 (1995).

• lujan, r.; nusser, z.; roberts, j. d. b.; shigemoto r.; ohishi, h., and somogyi, p.: differential plasma membrane distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors mglur1-alpha, mglur1 and mglur5, relative to neurotransmitter release sites. j. chem. neuroanat., 13, 219-241 (1997).

• lujan, r.; nusser, z.; roberts, j. d. b.; shigemoto r., and somogyi, p.: perisynaptic location of metabotropic glutamate receptors mglur1 and mglur5 on dendrites and dendritic spines in the rat hippocampus. eur. j. neuroscience, 8, 1488-1500 (1996).

• matsubara, a., laake, j. h., davanger, s., usami, s.-i., and otterson, o. p.; organization of ampa receptor subunits at a glustamate synapse: a quantitative immunogold analysis of hair cell synapses in the rat organ of corti. j. neuroscience, 16, 4457-4467 (1996).

• nixon, g. f., mignery, g. a., and somlyo, a. v.: immunogold localization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and characterization of ultrastructural features of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in phasic and tonic smooth muscle; j. muscle res. cell mot., 15, 682-700 (1994).

• nusser, z.; cull-candy, s., and farrant, m.; differences in synaptic gabaa receptor number underlie variation in gaba mini amplitude;neuron, 19, 697-709 (1997).

• nusser, z., sieghart, w., and somogyi, p.: segregation of different gabaa receptors to synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes of cerebellar granule cells. j. neuroscience, 18, 1693-1703 (1998).

• nusser, z.; sieghart, w.; benke, d.; fritschy, j.-m., and somogyi, p.: differential synaptic localization of two major gamma-aminobutyric acid type a receptor alpha subunits on hippocampal pyramidal cells. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 93, 11939-11944 (1996).

• nusser, z.; sieghart, w.; stephenson, f. a., and somogyi, p.: the alpha-6 subunit of the gabaa receptor is concentrated in both inhibitory and excitatory synapses on cerebellar granule cells. j. neuroscience, 16, 103-114 (1996).

• nusser, z., and somogyi, p.: compartmentalised distribution of gabaa and glutamate receptors in relation to transmitter release sites on the surface of cerebellar neurones. prog. brain research, (c. i. de zeeuw, p. strata and j. voogd, eds.), elsevier, oxford, uk.; 114, 1488-1500 (1997).

• nusser, z.; roberts, j. d. b.; baude, a.; richards, j. g., and somogyi, p. relative densities of synaptic and extrasynaptic gaba-a receptors on cerebellar granule cells as determined by a quantitative immunogold method. j. neuroscience; 15, 2948-2960 (1995).

• nusser, z.; mulvihill, e.; streit, p., and somogyi, p.: subsynaptic segregation of metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors as revealed by immunogold localization. neuroscience, 61, 421-427 (1994).

• nusser, z.; roberts, j. d. b.; baude, a.; richards, j. g.; sieghart, w., and somogyi. p. immunocytochemical localization of the alpha-1 and beta-2/3 subunits of the gaba-a receptor in relation to specific gabaergic synapses in the dentate gyrus. eur. j. neurosci., 7, 630-646 (1995).

• powell, r. d.; halsey, carol m. r.; spector, d. l.; kaurin, s. l.; mccann, j.;, and hainfeld, j. f. a covalent fluorescent-gold immunoprobe: "simultaneous" detection of a pre-mrna splicing factor by light and electron microscopy. j. histochem. cytochem., 45, 947-956 (1997).

• punnonen, e.-l., fages, c., wartiovaara, j., and rauvala, h.: ultrststructural localization of beta-actin and amphoterin mrna in cultured cells: application of tyramide signal amplification and comparison of detection methods; j. histochem. cytochem., 47, 99 (1999).

• shigemoto, r., kulik, a., roberts, j. d. b., ohishi, h., nusser, z., kaneko, t., and somogyi, p.; target-cell-specific concentration of a metabotropic glutamate receptor in the presynaptic active zone. nature, 381, 523-525 (1996).

• soussan, l.; burakov, m.; daniels, m. p.; toister-achituv, m.; porat, a.; yarden, y., and elazar, z.: erg30, a vap-33-related protein, functions in protein transport mediated by copi vesicles. j. cell biol., 146, 301-311 (1999).

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• hainfeld, j. f.; powell, r. d.; stein, j. k.; hacker, g. w.; hauser-kronberger, c.; cheung, a. l. m., and schofer, c.: gold-based autometallography; proc. 57th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; g. w. bailey, w. g. jerome, s. mckernan, j. f. mansfield, and r. l. price (eds.); springer-verlag, new york, ny; 1999, 486-487.

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• powell, r. d.; joshi, v. n.; halsey, c. m. r.; hainfeld, j. f.; hacker, g. w.; hauser-kronberger, c.; muss, w. h., and takvorian, p. m.: combined cy3 / nanogold conjugates for immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization; proc. 57th ann. mtg., micros. soc. amer.; g. w. bailey, w. g. jerome, s. mckernan, j. f. mansfield, and r. l. price (eds.); springer-verlag, new york, ny; 1999, 478-479.

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• weipoltshammer, k.; schéfer, c.; almeder, m., and wachtler, f.: signal enhancement at the electron microscopic level using nanogold and gold-based autometallography. histochem. cell biol., 114, 489-495 (2000).

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• 金增强/银增强试剂

品名	产品描述	货号	规格
goldenhance lm/blot (gelm)	金增强试剂，用于光镜样品，4种溶液，使用前混合	2112	initiator/moderator/activator/buffer 各15 ml（共60 ml，足够做600张载玻片）
goldenhance em(geem)	金增强试剂，用于电镜样品，4种溶液，使用前混合	2113	initiator/moderator/activator/buffer 各2 ml（共8 ml，足够做200个网格）
hq silver	用于纳米金的质量蕞佳的银增强试剂，均匀显影，极好的保持结构，特别适合电镜，光敏感	2012	initiator/moderator/activator 各15 ml（共45 ml）
li silver	纳米金的银增强，用于电镜、光镜、凝胶、杂交，光不敏感	2013	initiator/enhancer 125 ml （共250 ml）

references： 
goldenhance

hq and li silver

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hq silver

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li silver


nanovan（钒）可用于标准负染，建议用于纳米金标记的样品，使1.4 nm极小的纳米金清晰可见，而高原子数的染料使其模糊。
nano-w（有机钨）扩展性优良，密度高，对比度高，可与nanovan混合得到中等密度负染试剂。


品名	产品描述	货号	规格
nanovan® (methylamine vanadate)	2%钒负染染料	2011	5 ml
nano-w® (methylamine tungstate)	2%基于有机钨复合物的负染染料	2018	5 ml

references： 
nanovan negative stain

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nano-w negative stain

1. frey, p. a., and frey, t. g.: synthesis of undecagold labeling compounds and their applications in electron microscopic analysis of multiprotein complexes. j. struct. biol., 127, 94-100 (1999).

2. hainfeld, j. f.; liu, w., and barcena, m.: gold-atp. j. struct. biol., 127, 120-134 (1999).

3. jahn, w.: chemical aspects of the use of gold clusters in structural biology. j. struct. biol., 127, 106-112 (1999).

4. mosseson, m. w., siebenlist, k. r., meh, d. a., wall, j. s., and hainfeld, j. f. the location of the carboxy-terminal region of gamma chains in fibrinogen and fibrin d domains. proc. natl. acad.sci. usa, 95, 10511-10516 (1998).

5. safer, d.: undecagold cluster labeling of proteins at reactive cysteine residues. j. struct. biol., 127, 101-105 (1999).

6.  schwartz, m. p., and matouschek, a.: the dimensions of the protein import channels in the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes. proc. natl. acad. sci. usa, 96, 13086-13090 (1999).

7. steinmetz, m. o., stoffler, d., muller, s. a., jahn, w., wolpensinger, b., goldie, k. n., engel, a., faulstich, h., and aebi, u.: evaluating atomic models of f-actin with an undecagold-tagged phalloidin derivative; j. mol. biol., 276, 1 (1998).