德国LaVision PIV/PLIF粒子成像测速场仪

本研究考察了一个双稳湍流旋转火焰中的复杂流场，其中火焰不规则地在离开的M形和附着的V形之间交替。流场由于火焰形状转换在不同的时间尺度上出现各种类型的间歇性动力学。为了正确识别、分离和时间上解析这些动态组分，通过将多维数据序列的最大重叠离散小波包变换（MODWPT）与常规瞬态POD相结合，开发了一种新的多分辨率proper orthogonal decomposition（MRPOD）方法。特别注意选择小波滤波器、分解水平和重构带宽以实现可变的频谱通带和足够的时间分辨率。当应用于双稳旋流火焰中高速三分量速度场测量的数据序列时，MRPOD能够隔离通常被合并为单个POD模式的频率组分，对于即使是弱的和高度间歇性的动力学，增强了空间/时间的一致性。由于改进的频谱纯度，一系列先前未知的动态被揭示出来，其中包括预旋涡核（PVC）和热声（TA）不稳定性等已被描述的不稳定性。特别是，在火焰形状转换期间，发现非周期切换模式只与先前确定的转移模式相耦合，在倒流和燃烧器进口附近产生显著的修改，这是一个已知会影响PVC增长率的区域。在M-V转换期间，TA振荡驱动反复的火焰再附着，最终稳定为V火焰。但是，持续高的TA振幅似乎并不一定预示着这种转换的开始。发现了PVC的更高阶谐波以及TA调制PVC动力学的证据，它们也表现出双峰行为：虽然保持其特征频率，但这些不稳定性在V-或M火焰期间才能发挥作用，且只能具有单螺旋或双螺旋结构。

采用LaVision公司的平面激光诱导荧光火焰分析系统FlameMaster对稀湍流预混本生火焰火的火焰刷厚度及其发展的记忆效应进行了实验研究。

采用LaVision的sCMOS相机构成的PIV和PLIF测量系统，对双射流混合流进行了流体速度场和双色PLIF温度场测量研究。

采用LaVision公司的高速图像增强器和和高速相机作为测试设备，对纳秒重复脉冲等离子体放电增强湍流氢-空气火焰向爆轰的过渡过程进行了实验测量研究

采用LaVision公司的粒子成像测速系统(PIV)和粒子跟踪测速系统(PTV)对无反应条件下氧煤燃烧室中颗粒流动的速度场进行了实验测量研究。

采用LaVision公司的IRO和CCD相机构成的增强型CCD相机系统，对CH*的自发荧光图像进行了测量，研究了N2和CO2稀释对C3H8/O2混合气在涡流管式火焰燃烧器中的燃烧特性的影响。

Recovery boiler • Huge dimensions, 15 m x 14 m x 70 m (4000 t ka/vrk) • Controlled by spraying and combustion air • Objective is to recover heat and cooking chemicals reliably, low emissions

我们扩展了在中性浮力颗粒悬浮的Taylor-Couette流中已知的流动转换，通过在半径比η = 0.917和长径比Γ = 21.67的几何形状中访问更高的悬浮雷诺数(Resusp ∼ O(103))。通过流体可视化实验研究了几种颗粒体积分数(0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.40)下的流动转换，这些实验中流体由旋转的内缸驱动。尽管有效斜率更高，但我们观察到存在非对称的图案，例如旋涡，存在颗粒的情况下。我们实验的一项新发现是方位局部化的波动涡流，其特征在一些本来是轴对称的Taylor涡旋中存在波状。这种流动状态的存在表明，除了已经被确认的颗粒不稳定性效应外，它们还可以抑制不稳定性的增长。颗粒悬浮液中对应于高阶转换的流动拓扑似乎与单相流中观察到的拓扑相似。然而，一个关键区别是在更高颗粒负载下出现的第二个不协调频率的出现减少了，这可能对混沌的发生有影响。同时进行的扭矩测量使我们能够估计努塞尔数(Nuω)、Taylor数(Ta)和相对粘度(χe)之间的经验比例关系：Nuω∝Ta0.24χe 0.41。Ta的比例指数与颗粒负载无关。显然，颗粒不会触发在内外缸之间的角动量传递的性质上的定性变化。

采用LaVision公司由科研型CMOS相机和DaVis软件平台构成的粒子成像测速系统，对在泰勒-库埃特湍流中，使用疏水内筒实现气泡减阻的方法进行了实验测量研究。

采用LaVision公司的粒子成像测速系统和喷雾几何参量测量系统。对单点贫燃烧直喷射器的喷射速度场和几何形态进行了测量。研究了空气旋流器角度和喷嘴端部位置对喷雾特性的影响。

采用LaVision公司的FlowMaster粒子成像测速系统。测量了超音速气流作用下，机翼表面的流场。研究了火花放电产生局部快速加热对分离点位置的影响。

采用2台Litron激光器。三台LX Imager 16M相机。构成2DPIV测量系统。采用拼接方式测量大视场。利用2DPIV快照结果求得压力场。

采用德国LaVision的Imager Pro X4M CCD相机和蔡司ZEISS 50mm f/2 Makro 镜头，测量了亚音速高马赫数跨音速涡轮叶栅尾流的2D2C速度矢量场并和五孔探针的测量结果进行了对比分析。

采用LaVision公司由4台sCMOS型相机和DaVis8.2软件平台构成的大视场2D2C粒子成像测速系统，对破漏层模型的流程进行了初步的实验分析。

采用LaVision公司特色的以DaVis软件平台为基础构成汽车发动机时间分辨多参两成像测试系统，研究了确定火花辅助压缩点火过程中燃烧可变性原因所需要的实验度量指标。

采用LaVision公司特色的以DaVis软件平台为基础构成的粒子成像测速（PIV）系统对直接喷射火花塞引燃（DISI）引擎进气道产生的流动不稳定性进行了测试和研究。

采用LaVision公司特色的以DaVis软件平台和高速相机为基础构成的喷雾高速成像诊断测量系统（SprayMaster）对喷雾导引火花塞引燃直接喷射发动机（SGSIDI）内部燃料混合，注入等过程进行了测试和研究。

采用LaVision公司特色的以DaVis软件平台为基础构成的喷雾成像测试（SprayMaster）系统对喷射导引燃烧系统中另外一种点火系统的热动力学潜能进行了研究。

采用LaVision公司特色的以DaVis软件平台为基础构成的粒子成像测速（PIV）和喷雾几何形态参数成像测试系统对燃料喷雾的形成和汽油燃料直接喷射（GDI）进行了测试和分析。

采用LaVison公司的粒子成像测速系统(PIV)，测量了模拟水池中模拟肩并肩游泳运动员同步运动模型的流场。

采用英国Litron公司LPY 703-200型, 200 Hz PIV激光器作光源。两台Photron 1024 PCI型高速相机作为成像组件，构成一套高速时间分辨粒子成像测速系统。同时用多台高速相机记录两种食虫性蝙蝠飞行的运动学特征。同步同时测量运动学特征和尾流结构。并分析其特点规律。

采用LaVision公司的PIV系统，配置使用Imager Pro X 型CCD相机，测量脂质覆盖疏水纳米粒子通过磷脂双层自发迁移的速度矢量场

采用LaVision公司的PIV系统。测量左心室模型的流动情况，并研究流场特征和发生血栓栓赛风险的关系。建立两者之间的关联模型。

采用英国Litron公司的30毫焦双脉冲PIV激光器，LaVision Imager Pro X PIV相机。在LaVision的硬件控制和数据采集软件平台DaVis集成控制下。对水中藤壶幼虫的游动附着过程进行了观测研究。

Two-dimensional velocity fields around a freely swimming freshwater black shark fish in longitudinal (XZ) plane and transverse (YZ) plane are measured using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). By transferring momentum to the fluid, fishes generate thrust. Thrust is generated not only by its caudal fin, but also using pectoral and anal fins, the contribution of which depends on the fish’s morphology and swimming movements. These fins also act as roll and pitch stabilizers for the swimming fish. In this paper, studies are performed on the flow induced by fins of freely swimming undulatory carangiform swimming fish (freshwater black shark, L = 26 cm) by an experimental hydrodynamic approach based on quantitative flow visualization technique. We used 2D PIV to visualize water flow pattern in the wake of the caudal, pectoral and anal fins of swimming fish at a speed of 0.5–1.5 times of body length per second. The kinematic analysis and pressure distribution of carangiform fish are presented here. The fish body and fin undulations create circular flow patterns (vortices) that travel along with the body waves and change the flow around its tail to increase the swimming efficiency. The wake of different fins of the swimming fish consists of two counterrotating vortices about the mean path of fish motion. These wakes resemble like reverse von Karman vortex street which is nothing but a thrust-producing wake. The velocity vectors around a C-start (a straight swimming fish bends into C-shape) maneuvering fish are also discussed in this paper. Studying flows around flapping fins will contribute to design of bioinspired propulsors for marine vehicles.

Aerodynamic structures generated by animals in flight are unstable and complex. Recent progress in quantitative flow visualization has advanced our understanding of animal aerodynamics, but measurements have hitherto been limited to flow velocities at a plane through the wake. We applied an emergent, high-speed, volumetric fluid imaging technique (tomographic particle image velocimetry) to examine segments of the wake of desert locusts, capturing fully three-dimensional instantaneous flow fields. We used those flow fields to characterize the aerodynamic footprint in unprecedented detail and revealed previously unseen wake elements that would have gone undetected by two-dimensional or stereoimaging technology. Vortex iso-surface topographies show the spatio-temporal signature of aerodynamic force generation manifest in the wake of locusts, and expose the extent to which animal wakes can deform, potentially leading to unreliable calculations of lift and thrust when using conventional diagnostic methods.We discuss implications for experimental design and analysis as volumetric flow imaging becomes more widespread.

采用LaVision公司的高速激光器和高速图像增强器IRO构成的高速图像成像测量系统研究了以C8氧化物为燃料的类柴油射流结构的激光光谱。

采用LaVision的结构化平面激光照明成像（SLIPI)技术，应用于多相流的激光诱导荧光测量系统中，有效地消除了背景反射的影响。可以准确有效地辨识多相流对象中的界面。

采用LaVision的科研级sCMOS相机，对用3D打印技术制成的微流提探头的流场特性进行了实验测量。

采用LaVision公司的DaVis图像采集和分析处理软件平台，结合激光诱导荧光技术对喷雾诱导的周围环境的湍流的速度场进行了实验测量和分析。研究了其流动特性。

采用LaVision的DaVis 8.2.2 软件平台,可编程时间控制单元PTU, ImagerIntense高灵敏度低噪声相机，构成一套2D粒子成像测速系统。并利用该系统对纳米流体在湍流自然对流过程中的流动特性进行了实验研究和理论分析。

采用LaVision的DaVis 8.3.0软件平台，加上PTUX时序控制器，四台 s'CMOS相机，构成了2D2C平面和3D3C体视粒子成像测速系统。并利用该系统对轴对称欠扩展喷射流过邻近相伴表面的流体-结构相互作用过程进行了实验研究

In Formula 1 racing, there is a strong motive for reducing component weight and thereby improving efficiency. This paper demonstrates the advantages Additive Manufacturing brings to the production of hydraulic components. The Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) production technique enables weight reductions to be attained by its geometric design freedom coupled with this material’s attributes. The use of EOS Titanium Ti64 material for hydraulic components has been assessed by a hydraulic soak test at 25 MPa and no significant losses or failure occurred. The benefits to the efficiency of hydraulic flow have been measured using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and the use of DMLS manufactured geometry has improved flow characteristics by 250% over that of the currently used techniques of manufacturing channels and bores.

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采用德国LaVision公司的DaVis8.1.4版本数字图像采集和处理软件平台，构成粒子成像测速（PIV)系统，对在离体心脏充注测试系统中调节顺应性对流体流动的影响进行了研究。

采用laVision公司的DaVis6.2图像采集和处理软件平台，FlowMaster-S相机，以及Solo III型 15Hz Nd-YAG PIV 激光器。构成了一套粒子成像测速系统，并利用该系统测量了新研制的人工膜肺内的空气流场。

采用LaVision的FlowMaster粒子成像测速系统，Religa Heart PED 45 VAD 模型进行了流体速度矢量场的测量。采用DaVis8.2软件平台进行数据处理分析。研究分析了气动心室辅助装置停滞的测定方法

采用LaVision的图像采集和处理软件平台以及LDY300型双脉冲PIV激光器，ImagerProSX 5M 型双帧双爆光相机，构成一套粒子成像测速系统（PIV) ，并利用该系统对轴流式血泵在三种工况下流场特性进行了实验研究

采用英国Litron公司的LDY300激光器和LaVison的ImagerProSX 5M型跨帧相机，构成一粒子成像测速系统。对轴流血液泵的内部流场的速度场进行了实验测量和分析研究。

用400毫焦的PIV激光器作光源，用LaVision的ImagerHS型高速相机做成像器件，用LaVision的DaVis软件平台分析处理图像采集数据。对生物瓣膜假体的流体动力学性能进行了测试，分析。

采用LaVision的激光诱导荧光和激光诱导白炽光测量方法，对生物柴油碳链长度对小口径光学柴油机缸内碳烟形成过程的影响进行了研究。

采用LaVison公司的DaVis软件平台，通过阴影发成像和粒子成像测速分析，对脉冲流场在USP溶解仪中引起的水动力复杂性，进行了研究。

采用德国LaVision公司2D2C平面粒子成像测速(PIV)系统。对边生物工程涂料边界层流场，采用高空间分辨率的PIV+PTV分析方法计算流体速度矢量场，分析了生物工程涂料用于被动流动控制的可行性。

采用LaVisin公司DaVis软件平台为核心搭建了平面激光诱导荧光（PLIF), 粒子跟踪测速，以及红外测温平台。利用这一测量平台对降落液膜传热特性进行了实验和计算研究

用LaVision的图像增强器IRO，Imager Intense 相机和染料激光器构成了一套OH PLIF 自由基测量系统。对在反应流中产生的纳米颗粒特性进行了表征。

采用LaVision公司的ImagerIntense型相机和可编程时间控制单元PTU，Nd:YAG激光器和另外一台高速770Hz高速相机，测量研究了氧气在气泡中向液体扩散过程。

利用LaVision的粒子成像测速（PIV)系统,对海水淡化装置中经场采用的中空纤维膜组件的壳程流体力学减租特性进行了研究

在一种对低渗交换过程进行研究测试的专门仪器erosimeter上进行了水和沉积物分界面上的流体运动速度场和混合物垂直混合度的关系研究。采用LaVision的专门的智能成像软件分析和图像采集控制平台DaVis进行图像数据分析。

谈到温度测量，人们自然会想到温度计，热电偶，红外热像仪等装置。但这些方法要么是介入式测量，要么是近似的，难以严格定量的测量。红外热像仪用的很多，但红外热像仪的问题在于只能测量物体表面的温度，并且因其测量原理基于普朗克黑体辐射定律，所以定量测量的准确度和被测对象的材料属性高度相关，需要复杂的标定修正过程。故这些方法，一般难于用到燃烧，流体等空气动力学研究对象的温度场测量中。气体温度场的光学非介入式测量具有广泛的应用需求。

This paper describes the full scale tests for air flows in a test chamber subject to heat loads generated by human occupancy and equipment. The Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique was used to investigate buoyancy-driven flows near the human thermal manikin “Victoria”. Based on the experimental facility details, a full scale 3-D CFD model of the test facility was generated. The results obtained from the CFD simulation were compared with data obtained from the PIV results. Results compare very well and demonstrate the potential usefulness of PIV as a CFD validation technique.

Low-rise buildings located in the urban areas are generally surrounded by buildings of similar size. The interference of surrounding buildings has been found to be significant on wind loads in straight-line winds. In this study, systematic experiments of tornado-induced wind loads and flow patterns around a typical low-rise gable-roof building with different layouts of surrounding buildings were carried out in a laboratory. Effects of spacing, height ratios of the surrounding buildings to the test building and specific building orientations were considered. The results indicate that the reduction of the horizontal load is caused by sheltering effect from the surrounding buildings. The uplift load, however, could increase or decrease dependent on building orientation, layout and the type of the surrounding buildings. The complicated flow patterns around the test building are discussed and correlated to the wind loads. This study would improve the understanding of tornado-induced loads on a low-rise gable-roof building

采用LaVison公司的粒子成像测速系统(PIV)，对波浪和水流联合作用下双桩局部冲刷的流场进行了实验测量。

采用LaVision的sCMOS型CCD相机和200毫焦的PIV激光器，采用水下潜望镜形式拍照，采用荧光示踪粒子成像测速（PIV )方法跟踪掠过水体表面薄膜流场的涡核。

采用两台LaVision ImagerProX4M相机和两台CMOS相机构成一套可以测量两个互相垂直平面的2D2C和2D3C速度矢量场的粒子成像测速系统。用于带侧后缘锥度方型背车辆低频尾流动力学研究。

The far wake trajectory of the tumbling tip vortex effect of a reduced-scale, 1 m diame- ter, four-bladed rotor during hover is studied using vortex methods combined with a center of mass analysis approach. Measurements of all three components of the velocity field are acquired using a stereo PIV system synchronized to capture up to 800 wake age of the vortex with 10 offsets during hover conditions. The nominal operating condition of the rotor is at a rotational speed of 1520RPM, corresponding to Rec = 248,000 with a chord length of 58.5mm. The rotor was operated with a pitch of 7.2± 0.5 and a CT / of 0.029. The far wake vortex tumbling phenomenon is captured and described. It is shown that tip vortices from two blades tumble through approximately 180 of rotation before they coalesce. It is seen that the parent vortices are stronger than the daughter vortex, but due to vortex stretching the daughter vortex has a smaller radius with greater swirl strength. An accurate characterization and prediction of the trajectory of the far wake vortex tum- bling can enhance the ability to predict and alleviate the resuspension of particles during brownout as well as provide a database for far wake validation of CFD codes.

This paper deals with the experimental investigations of the in-cylinder tumble flows in an unfired internal combustion engine with a flat piston at the engine speeds ranging from 400 to 1000 rev/min., and also with the dome and dome-cavity pistons at an engine speed of 1000 rev/min., using particle image velocimetry. From the two-dimensional in-cylinder flow measurements, tumble flow analysis is carried out in the combustion space on a vertical plane passing through cylinder axis. To analyze the tumble flows, ensemble average velocity vectors are used and to characterize it, tumble ratio is estimated. From the results, generally, we have found that tumble ratio varies mainly with crank angle position. Also, at the end of compression stroke, average turbulent kinetic energy is more at higher engine speeds. We have also found that, at 330 crank angle position, flat piston shows an improvement of about 85 and 23% in tumble ratio, and about 24 and 2.5% in average turbulent kinetic energy compared to dome and dome-cavity pistons respectively.

Now-a-days, the stratified and direct injection spark ignition engines are becoming very popular because of their low fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. But, the challenges to them are the formation and control of the charge which is mainly dependent on the in-cylinder fluid flows. Today, an optical tool like particle image velocimetry (PIV) is extensively used for the in-cylinder fluid flow measurements. This paper deals with the experimental investigations of the in-cylinder fluid tumble flows in a motored internal combustion engine with a flat piston at different engine speeds during intake and compression strokes using PIV. The two-dimensional in-cylinder flow measurements and analysis of tumble flows have been carried out in the combustion space on a vertical plane at the cylinder axis. To analyze the fluid flows, ensemble average velocity vectors have been used. To characterize the tumble flow, tumble ratio has been estimated. From the results, it is found that the tumble ratio mainly varies with crank angle positions. At the end of compression stroke, maximum turbulent kinetic energy is more at higher engine speeds. Present study will be very useful in understanding the effect of engine speeds on the in-cylinder fluid tumble flows under real engine conditions.

利用脉冲Nd:YAG激光器作光源，采用三台CMOS相机做成像器件，用组合的粒子图像PIV和跟踪测速PTV技术研究了砂砾动力学。

We introduce and test an experimental approach to simulate elastoplastic megathrust earthquake cycles using an analogue model and apply it to study the seismotectonic evolution of subduction zones. The quasi-two-dimensional analogue model features rate- and state-dependent elastic-frictional plastic and viscoelastic material properties and is scaled for gravity, inertia, elasticity, friction, and viscosity. The experiments are monitored with a high-resolution strain analysis tool based on digital image correlation (particle imaging velocimetry, PIV), providing deformation time series comparable to seismologic, geodetic, and geologic observations. In order to separate elastic and nonelastic effects inherent the experimental deformation patterns, we integrate elastic dislocation modeling (EDM) into a hybrid approach: we use the analogue earthquake slip and interseismic locking distribution as EDM dislocation input and forward model the coseismic and interseismic elastic response. The residual, which remains when the EDM prediction is subtracted from the experimental deformation pattern, highlights the accumulation of permanent deformation in the model. The setup generates analogue earthquake sequences with realistic source mechanisms and elastic forearc response and recurrence patterns and reproduces principal earthquake scaling relations. By applying the model to an accretionary-type plate margin, we demonstrate how strain localization at the rupture peripheries may lead to a seismotectonically segmented forearc, including a tectonically stable shelf and coastal high (<20% plate convergence accommodated by internal shortening) overlying the area of large megathrust earthquake slip. Fifty to 75% of plate convergence is accommodated by internal shortening in the slope region where earthquake slip tapers out toward the trench. The inner forearc region remains undeformed and represents a basin.

The need throughout the machining industry for cost reduction and increases in productivity have contributed to new interest in high-speed machining. Even though, many model for machining exist, most of them are for low-speed machining, where momentum is negligible and material behavior is well approximated by the quasi-static laws. In machining at high speeds momentum could be large and the strain rate can be exceedingly high. For these reasons a uid mechanics approach to understanding high-speed, very high-speed and ultra-high-speed machining is attempted here.

In this study we present scaled 2D physical models based on extensional deformation of a cohesive mixture of sand and gypsum. We studied the detailed evolution of normal faults in a graben above a rigid basement, in order to evaluate its deformation in time and space over a wide scale range. The material properties and the apparatus setup allow a scaling of the laboratory experiments with respect to the natural prototypes in the North German Basin. The structural evolution and displacement field was analysed by digital photography and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV).

Large scale digital particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser speckle velocimetry (LSV) are applied to landslide generated impulse waves. The challenges posed to the measurement techniques in an extremely unsteady three phase flow consisting of granular matter, air and water are considered. Areas of interest up to 0.8 m by 0.8 m are investigated in the impulse wave generation zone. The complex flow phenomena present in the first stage of impulse wave initiation are: High speed granular slide impact, impulse flux transfer, flow separation and reattachement, cavity formation and collapse, slide deformation and penetration into fluid. During this first stage the three phases are separated along sharp interfaces changing significantly within time and space. A combined analysis method for PIV in water flow and LSV on the corona of the landslide surface is presented. Digital masking techniques are applied to distinguish between phases thereafter allowing phase separated image processing. The combination of PIV and LSV reveals insight into the impulse transfer mechanism. Applicability of PIV at large scale as well as to flows with large velocity gradients due to the presence of a strong shock are highlighted. An introductory vector-field obtained by means of PIV is shown in Fig. 1 with flow reattachement and characteristic saddle point above slide shoulder. Subsequent wave generation stages with granulate detrainment, bubble break up and massive phase mixing are not considered here.

In this paper, a comparative study between numerical and experimental results from PIV measurements is presented in the case of two-dimensional electrohydrodynamic plumes that arise when a sharp metallic blade, submerged in non conducting liquids, supports high electric potential. Experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted in order to confront the both approaches. A very good agreement has been found through velocity profiles and velocity fields which testifies the relevance of our numerical model. For high potentials the jet flow issued forth from the blade becomes unsteady and starts to flap on the vertical wall. Some captions of the temporal evolution of the isocontours of charge density which is not accessible from experiment are presented thanks to the numerical simulation.

全场测试。测试对象为辉光放电中的等离子体。和理论计算模拟相对比。对于电子设备散热，器件热传导规律的认识有借鉴和参照意义。