this study investigates the mechanical behaviour of polyester fibres over a range of temperatures by the use of a number of experimental techniques including tensile, creep and fatigue tests.the influences of temperature on the different mechanical properties is investigated with particular emphasise on the loss of rigidity and reduction of creep and fatigue lifetimes.A precise description of the stress /strain curves of the fibres highlights the effects with respect to the glass transition temperature. The fatigue failure process is precisely detailed and changes, at high temperatures, to the classical fracture morphology observations made of single fibres and yarns provides valuable information about the interpretation of result obtained with single fibre test to fibre assemblies

We have investigated the dynamic mechanical behavior of two cross-linked polymer networks with very different topologies: one made of backbones randomly linked along their length; the other with fixed-length strands uniformly cross-linked at their ends. The samples were analyzed using oscillatory shear, at very small strains corresponding to the linear regime. This was carried out at a range of frequencies, and at temperatures ranging from the glass plateau, through the glass transition, and well into the rubbery region. Through the glass transition, the data obeyed the time-temperature superposition principle, and could be analyzed using WLF treatment. At higher temperatures, in the rubbery region,the storage modulus was found to deviate from this, taking a value that is independent of frequency.This value increased linearly with temperature, as expected for the entropic rubber elasticity, but with a substantial negative offset inconsistent with straightforward enthalpic effects. Conversely, the loss modulus continued to follow time-temperature superposition, decreasing with increasing temperature, and showing a power-law dependence on frequency.

We study three monodomain single-crystal nematic elastomer materials, all side-chain siloxane polymers with the same mesogenic groups but with different types of cross linking: short flexible siloxane linkage affine to the network backbone, short flexible aliphatic cross links miscible with mesogenic side-chain groups, and long segments of main-chain nematic polymer. The dynamic mechanical response of these three systems shows a characteristically universal decrease of storage modulus and a corresponding increase of loss factor. This effect of dynamic soft elasticity is strongly anisotropic, depending on the nematic director orientation. We examine the important role of the average backbone chain anisotropy , which is affected by the cross-linking geometry and contributes to the magnitude and frequency dependence of the dynamic anomaly, and discuss possible applications in mechanical damping and polarized acoustic technology.

In this work the unsteady-state contact angle at the interface between polymer melt and carbon black (CB) was measured. The transition of contact angle from an unsteady to a steady state can be divided into three stages, the unsteady thermo-stage, the wetting stage, and the reach of equilibrium contact angle. Subsequently, three critical indices, the unsteady heat-transfer period t0, the retardation time τ, and the contact angle at equilibrium state A∞ are defined herein. The decrease in contact angle against time can be simulated by an exponential decay that involves these three critical indices. Molten polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) have the smallest equilibrium angle A∞, followed by polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has the greatest angle. Interestingly, this order is strongly related to the solubility parameter of each polymer. The CB coated with sulfonated polyester slightly changes the equilibrium angle A∞, but drastically reduces the retardation time τ for PP and PBT. This finding indicates that the CB, whose surface is modified by sulfonated polyester, can effectively reduce the compounding time of PP and polyester. Experimental results also reveal that reduce compact density slightly increases A∞ but barely affects τ. Furthermore, modifying PS with polybutadiene particles yields a high contact angle A∞ and a low τ value.

ABSTRACT： This is a study of the flow properties of a range of magnetic toners produced from a common base in relation to three physical variables – the milling method, the type and amount of flow additive and to a limited extent, particle size. Two methods of milling were used for sample preparation – air jet milling and mechanical milling. The flow additives were either HMDS or PDMS silicas. The study used the FT3 powder Rheometer (Freeman Technology) to determine the rheology of powder samples in terms of the energy required to cause a powder to flow. The dependence upon environmental factors commonly imposed on powders such as flow rate, the level of aeration and the amount of consolidation are determined for each of the materials. The propensity to retain air is also investigated and quantified. The results clearly indicate the complex nature of toners and how their flow properties are affected by a large number of variables, of which one of the most significant is the effect of aeration and de-aeration representing the transition from fluidisation to consolidation.

德国Goettfert（高特福）公司于1962年制造出世界上第一台毛细管流变仪。四十多年来，其设计制造的熔融指数仪系列的世界用户占有率最高，它的优异的加工精度和设计理念使得仪器的使用寿命最长 世界用户情况： 几乎所有世界著名的公司或研究单位都有Goettfert的熔融指数仪，如杜邦、拜耳、DOW化学、巴斯夫、GE、壳牌、大众、塞科等等，从第一台熔融指数仪到现在，约有几千台仪器在使用。 国内用户情况： 几乎所有国内的石化企业和研究单位都有Goettfert的产品，如北京石油化工研究院、茂名石化、上海塞科、南京扬子石化、兰州石化、大庆石化、GE广州、巴斯夫（上海）公司、燕山石化、上海富士施乐、齐鲁石化等等。

本文介绍了一种表征裂纹扩展的新方法，通过对两种不同材料（EPDM 和 SBR）以及 其不同形状及尺寸的裂纹扩展的研究，通过对比裂纹的扩展速率和撕裂能的关系，发现撕裂能对裂纹扩展有着直接作用。同时表明，这种新的测试方法是一种简单、准确的表征弹性体的裂纹扩展新方法。

We study three monodomain single-crystal nematic elastomer materials, all side-chain siloxane polymers with the same mesogenic groups but with different types of cross linking: short flexible siloxane linkage affine to the network backbone, short flexible aliphatic cross links miscible with mesogenic side-chain groups, and long segments of main-chain nematic polymer. The dynamic mechanical response of these three systems shows a characteristically universal decrease of storage modulus and a corresponding increase of loss factor. This effect of dynamic soft elasticity is strongly anisotropic, depending on the nematic director orientation. We examine the important role of the average backbone chain anisotropy , which is affected by the cross-linking geometry and contributes to the magnitude and frequency dependence of the dynamic anomaly, and discuss possible applications in mechanical damping and polarized acoustic technology.

研究炭黑和自拨黑料强榕噩丁辈橡肢( SSBR ) 胎面脏的抗温晴性能，井分析抗湿惰性能的影响因章. 结果量明，在一定温度和速度范围内，自提黑补强SSBR 胎面胶抗湿晴性能优于炭黑补强SSBR 胎面肢z 仅果用动在粘弹性能理征胎面肢的抗湿滑佳能是不完善的，抗湿惰性盹量温度、速度和跤料硬度等的嚣响，是润情作用和动在帖弹性能等共同作用的结果.

摘要:研究炭黑或自炭鼎补强溶噩丁荤幢胶(SSBR) 和乳罩丁苯幢胶(ESBR) 胎面肢的性能. 结果表明.SSBR 与白棋嚣的冉面作用强于ESBR ，当罪用自炭照补强时， SSBR 硫化腔的物理性能优于ESBR. 而罪用提黯补强时.SSBR硫化肢的物理性能无明显优势B 与炭黑补强SBR 硫化被相比.自炭黑补强SBR 硫化腔的抗湿滑性能按好，滚曲阻力较低，但耐磨性能辍盏，其中自炭黑补强SSBR 硫化肢的抗湿晴性能最突出.

We have investigated the dynamic mechanical behavior of two cross-linked polymer networks with very different topologies: one made of backbones randomly linked along their length; the other with fixed-length strands uniformly cross-linked at their ends. The samples were analyzed using oscillatory shear, at very small strains corresponding to the linear regime. This was carried out at a range of frequencies, and at temperatures ranging from the glass plateau, through the glass transition, and well into the rubbery region. Through the glass transition, the data obeyed the time-temperature superposition principle, and could be analyzed using WLF treatment. At higher temperatures, in the rubbery region,the storage modulus was found to deviate from this, taking a value that is independent of frequency.This value increased linearly with temperature, as expected for the entropic rubber elasticity, but with a substantial negative offset inconsistent with straightforward enthalpic effects. Conversely, the loss modulus continued to follow time-temperature superposition, decreasing with increasing temperature, and showing a power-law dependence on frequency.

this study investigates the mechanical behaviour of polyester fibres over a range of temperatures by the use of a number of experimental techniques including tensile, creep and fatigue tests.the influences of temperature on the different mechanical properties is investigated with particular emphasise on the loss of rigidity and reduction of creep and fatigue lifetimes.A precise description of the stress /strain curves of the fibres highlights the effects with respect to the glass transition temperature. The fatigue failure process is precisely detailed and changes, at high temperatures, to the classical fracture morphology observations made of single fibres and yarns provides valuable information about the interpretation of result obtained with single fibre test to fibre assemblies

目前，越来越多的热膨胀仪进入中国市场。让我们有更多的选择。然而，同时也会给我们在设备选型的时候带来很多困惑 – 热膨胀仪最重要的技术指标是什么呢？ 简单的说，热膨胀仪是测量样品的尺寸随温度变化而发生的变化。从这个最简单的定义中我们不难看到，温度和长度测量是仪器的最重要指标。而分辨率是表示仪器最小的可测量值，无疑反映着仪器的测试能力。

In this work the unsteady-state contact angle at the interface between polymer melt and carbon black (CB) was measured. The transition of contact angle from an unsteady to a steady state can be divided into three stages, the unsteady thermo-stage, the wetting stage, and the reach of equilibrium contact angle. Subsequently, three critical indices, the unsteady heat-transfer period t0, the retardation time τ, and the contact angle at equilibrium state A∞ are defined herein. The decrease in contact angle against time can be simulated by an exponential decay that involves these three critical indices. Molten polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) have the smallest equilibrium angle A∞, followed by polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has the greatest angle. Interestingly, this order is strongly related to the solubility parameter of each polymer. The CB coated with sulfonated polyester slightly changes the equilibrium angle A∞, but drastically reduces the retardation time τ for PP and PBT. This finding indicates that the CB, whose surface is modified by sulfonated polyester, can effectively reduce the compounding time of PP and polyester. Experimental results also reveal that reduce compact density slightly increases A∞ but barely affects τ. Furthermore, modifying PS with polybutadiene particles yields a high contact angle A∞ and a low τ value.

A comparative experimental study of shear-flow rheological properties of thermotropic polymer liquid crystals by eight different laboratories is described. The materials involved four different liquid-crystalline polyesters (LCPs), a glassfiber-filled liquid-crystalline polyester, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), and two non-liquid-crystalline high-temperature polymers, a poly(etheretherketone)(PEEK), and a polyarylate PAR). Studies were made in both steady shear-flow and dynamic oscillatory experiments. The data from the various laboratories involved were compared. The level of agreement in the data was much less for most liquid-crystalline polymers than for similar isotropic melts. The Cox–Merz rule is valid for PEEK and PAR, but not for the LCPs and HPC. The occurrence of low levels of extrudate swell and high levels of uniaxial orientation in extrudates of the LCPs and HPC is described.

A processable poly(hydroxy acid) composition which has been stabilized by adding to the polymer during the melt processing stage 0.05%-3% by weight of a peroxy compound the degradation of which produces one or more acid radicals, and which has good melt strength and elasticity. The melt strength is high enough to produce films with conventional methods as the film blowing method.

The present invention is a hydrolytically modified, biodegradable polymer and a method of making a hydrolytically modifiable a biodegradable polymer. Ina preferred embodiment, the invention is a method of grafting polar groups onto biodegradable polymers and modified biodegradable polymer compositions produced by the method. The polymer compositions are useful as components in flushable and degradable articles. Water-sensitive polymer blends and method of making those polymer blends are also discolsed.

The Payne effect is assumed to arise from the same elementary mechanism of absorption-desorption of a macromolecular molecule from the sillica surface

ABSTRACT：The air that is usually present between the particles of a powder mass can vary considerably in quantity depending on how the powder is handled or processed. Powders are complex because their flow properties are dependent upon many factors of which air content is one of the most important. This is a study of the relationship between air content and powder rheology using the FT4 Powder Rheometer. The principle of measuring the energy required to set up given flow patterns in a powder sample is used to characterise the powders. A range of materials will be reviewed in relation to how their flow properties are changed by consolidation at one extreme and aeration at the other. Over this range, it will be shown that the energy required to produce flow varies typically in the range of 10-100 for most powders. For many free-flowing and fluidisable materials, this ratio could be more than 1000. The propensity of a powder to release its entrained air is also important because of the consequential change of rheological properties. De-aeration behaviour is investigated as part of this study.

This application describes how a manufacturer of steel for use within pressure vessels, was able to speed up and drastically reduce the manpower required to test the tensile strength of steel samples at high temperatures.

The TG 5093 fixture consists of a small upper spring loaded wedge grip to clamp the film container cover, and a horizontal sliding bed fitted with a ''dish holder''. A mains operated vacuum pump with associated piping and vacuum control valve is used to apply vacuum to the ''dish holder'' to retain the food container securely in position during the test.The wedge grip is fitted to the supplied threaded adapter and connected to the upper anchor pin on the load cell. The sliding bed fixture is connected to the lower anchor pin.Once the pump is switched on, the food container sample may be positioned in the holder and the vacuum control valve adjusted so that there is sufficient force to restrain the dish when the plastic cover is peeled off. The sliding bed is positioned so that the loose part of the cover is located below the upper wedge grip. By lowering the moving crosshead, so that the wedge grip is just above the dish, the two levers of the grip may be squeezed together to open the jaws, allowing the edge of the cover to be positioned into the jaws. The levers may then be released and the test carried out.

ABSTRAC：Rheometers perfoml measurements to detennine the visco-elastic properties of defomlable materials; on-line rheometers perfoml this task on materials while they are still being processed. These timely resultscan be very useful in quality and process control applications. Polymers, however, present specialdemands on rheometers due to the high temperatures, pressures and viscosities encountered in theirprocessing. An overview of high-pressure process capillary rheometers is presented with an emphasis onhow these instruments differ from their laboratory counterparts. Same typical applications from thepolymer processing field, including melt index simulation and molecular weight distributiondeterminations, will also be discussed

Abstract：A new on-line capillary rheometer has been introducedwhich incorporates three capillaries with parallel feedcontrol through a modified gear pump. To control thespeed of the gear pump, a new digital servo-drive sys-tem provides a freely adjustable speed range from 0.1-100 rpm. This provides the means to measure the vis-cosity function over a shear rate range of seven decades.The rise of fielt temperature due to dissipation is cor-rected by a new mathematical model, to be described.

Abstract：Heat transfer is important to optimise polymer processing. Since recent years model processing is getting more and more important to successfully simulate divers processes. Commercial software requires a range of heat transfer parameters. A triple bore capillary rheometer has been designed to provide one single bore for measurements of the thermal conductivity while the second and the third bore is still available for routine viscosity tests, ideally on the same material. A conductivity probe is placed in the dedicated bore. A heating wire and a thermocouple are placed into the probe. A defined amount of heat is transported to the heating wire. The increase of temperature is measured by the thermocouple. Results will be presented for different polymer melts.

Abstract:In practical rubber processing the compounds will be subjectedto high shear rates. Hence in order to optimize processing con-ditions and also to guarantee a constant quality of the com-pounds it''s a mus! to lest processibility of rubber compounds inthe shear rate range of practical processing. Processibility ofrubber compounds is predominantly determined by its viscositythat''s balanced by two effects; viscosity of these materials de-creases drastically with increasing shear rate (pseudoplasticity)hut increases markedly with the onset and development of cur-ing. The rheovulkameter has been developped especially to takecare of these effects and allowing to measure easily and fastprocessibility of rubber compounds under conditions of practicalprocessing. It can be used like a capillary rheometer hut like aninjection molding tester as weil. Rheovulkameter tests given in-formation about both: j/owing (Rheo-) and curing (Vulkameter)of rubber compounds and other curing systems, too.

Abstract: Quick tests of elastomer compounds are usually done at low shear rates far from processing. A rheological charac-terisation of thermo sets under curing conditions like in the later processing is so far not possible. A new device, the “RCR” a further development of the “Rheovulkameter” concept is described. The selectivity is compared to a standard Mooney and rheometer measure-ment for elastomer compounds. A model to estimate en-trance pressure loss to characterize elongation behaviour from the simple extrusion test is introduced and compared to capillary rheometer data. Finally the determination of rheological parameters of thermo set material under proc-ess like conditions is introduced.

Abstract: As melt flows from the barrel of a capillary rheometer into a die the streamlines converge, producing a strong extensional flow. The entrance pressure loss is determined with orifice die and Bagley correction. The failure of the measurement with orifice die like outlet angle and length of the die is evaluated and extensional viscosity is calculated using the theory of Cogswell. The results of extensional viscosity will be compared with Rheotens elongation data.

Abstract: To optimise heat transfer in industrial processing of plastics like injection moulding or extrusion it is necessary todetermine thermal conductivity under different pressures and temperatures.As an additional tool for capillary rheometer testing equipment a transient line-source sensor according ASTMD5930 for heat transfer measurement was developed. The test device is introduced. Measurement results of differentpolymer materials are presented. A strong influence on pressure and temperature can be observed. The results arecomparable to results obtained by other devices.

Abstract：In a Rheotens experiment, the tensile force needed for elongation of an extruded filament is measured as a function of the draw ratio. For thermo-rheologically simple polymer melts, the existence of Theotens-mastecurves is proven. Also, for polymer melts with different average molar masses, but similar molar mass distribution and branching structure, Rheotens-mastercurves are invariant to changes in the average molar mass. It si shown, by testing several polyethylenes with different molar mass distribution and different long-chain branching, that Rheotens-mastercurves allow a direct and quantitative assessment of the drawability of polymer melts under actual processing conditions. i.e. under the action of a constant tensile force and including the effects.

Abstract：Elongational viscosity becomes more and more important due to increasing processing velocities in industrial processing. For film blowing, blow moulding and spinning process it is inevitable to consider elongational properties. The most important requirements for industrial application are - Fast testing with easy use - High selectivity - Elongation rates similar to processing - Online measurement. Several methods of measurement have been analyzed and some are introduced on the market but not under all aspects mentioned above. First an online elongational viscosity measurement on the basis of the so called “Rheotens” is presented in this work. This method of melt elongation is then compared with converging flow method (entrance pressure loss), were different calculations of elongational viscosity are used. Different lots of polyolefine types are selected for elongational viscosity measurement. The selectivity of both methods to material differences are compared discussing measurement uncertainty.