从1970到1980，美国对塑料的需求从200亿磅增加到了500亿磅。塑料的成功主要是由于其广泛的应用，由于其广泛的性能，塑料可以替代金属、玻璃、陶瓷、纸张、天然纤维、包装材料、消费产品、管道、家具，等等…… 塑料最重要的性能在于其重量轻，耐破损，能巩固功能部件，想对便宜，易于自动化生产，生产成本较低……

ARES DETA（介电配件）是一种扩展ARES应变控制流变仪测试能力的配件，包括材料介电响应的研究。这种能力探测所测材料的导电和电容性能，扩大了ARES流变仪作为表征材料性能的通用仪器的应用范围。

粉末涂料是一种先进的提供装饰和保护的方法，广泛应用于各种材料领域以及同时适用于工业客户和普通消费者。加工过程中使用的粉末是一种颜料和树脂混合物，可喷到表面涂层。带电粉末粒子年粘附在接地表面，直至在固化炉中加热和通话呈平滑涂层。

负责多组分聚合物是不同类型的聚合物的组合，可以作为单一或多相系统存在。聚合物的成分可根据标准进行划分：成本、加工性能、机械性能、热性能等。合成聚合物的一个最主要原因在于有效控制成本。

一般炸药和推进剂的稳定性和兼容性的调查需要远远超出了讨论范围。 在过去的100多年里，硝基一直被用作推进剂，设定了大量的测试来调查其稳定性。大多数的这些测试在本质上都很非常简单和实证的。然而，在过去10年左右的时间里，现代分析方法已被引入炸药领域，且常与旧方法一起使用。现代研究方法提供了有关该组分研究的更真实信息，但其结果是稳定的、兼容的且保持复杂混合物的稳定性，这在推进剂研究中是不容易的。

五种热分析技术（DSC，调制DSC，TMA，DMA及DEA）是用来描述非晶形聚合物的玻璃化转变温度（Tg）的。每一种热分析技术都用在检测基于玻璃化转变过程中不同材料特性改变的Tg。因此，不同技术检测Tg的相对灵敏度取决于材料的性质以及作为实验变量，如加热速率等。本次研究比较了采用五种常见的热技术检测典型的无定形热塑性材料得到的Tg信息。结果表明可能出现的问题的类型。

本文运用热分析分析热塑性材料的物理性质。热分析是一系列的传统测量技术用于确定材料特性随温度的变化的技术。对两个工程热塑性塑料的短期和长期的物理性质研究的实验结果表明，热分析对描述热塑性材料的物理性质很有家价值。

热机械分析仪（TMA）历来都是被用来测量固体材料的尺寸变化。然而，这项技术也可扩展到评估液体样品上，提供一种替代差示扫描量热仪（DSC）确定相变和玻璃化转变温度的方法。

The expression or replication of genes is affected by the binding of small molecule ligands and proteins to nucleic acid sequences. Such binding events are critical for the physiological integrity of organisms and therefore are of fundamental interest to life scientists. Recently, the thermodynamics driving these interactions have also become important to pharmaceutical scientists investigating the anticancer, antibacterial and antiviral potential of nucleic acid/ligand interactions. In addition, as the number of diseases identified as being due to a malfunction of cellular control processes increases, the possibility of treating disorders by manipulating gene expression is further focusing attention on the thermodynamics underlying nucleic acid binding affinity and specificity.

Simultaneous measurements of the rates of heat production and oxygen utilization by living tissues provides a direct quantitative means of detecting subtle changes in metabolic state in the face of altered physiological and environmental conditions. The ratio of calorimetrically measured heat flux to the respirometrically measured oxygen flux is often called the “calorimetric-respirometric ratio” or CR ratio. This can be used to partition total metabolic energy flux into its aerobic and anaerobic components by comparison of the experimental CR ratio with the theoretical “oxycaloric equivalent” for fully aerobic respiration. Such information is most important when evaluating the physiological effect of environmental stress.

Microcalorimetric instruments and methods are now essential tools for the general understanding of binding thermodynamics of biological macromolecules and specific biological systems. Provided that the enthalpy of binding is of appropriate magnitude, it is possible to determine affinities, KD, in the order of 10 nM (K=l08 M-1) for 1:1 complexes. One of the most important issues with ITC is the time needed to obtain a full binding isotherm. ITC inherently suffers from the relatively small number of binding experiments that are possible to perform per day. The focus has so far been on improving calorimetric response time of the instruments by various means, like assigning instrumental time constants and applying Tian’s equation to dynamically correct the raw calorimetric signal from a fast step-wise titration. Notably, nothing has so far been done to improve the experimental procedure. At the moment 2-3 h is needed to complete an ITC binding experiment. The number of data points that can be obtained, 20-30 points, limits the range of equilibrium constants that can be resolved from the data. For ITC this range is 1 ≤ KCM ≤ 1000, where K is the equilibrium constant and CM is the concentration of the reactant in the vessel. In this Application Note we show the possibility to shorten the time of an ITC experiment by slow continuous titration into the calorimetric vessel, cITC.

本文详细介绍了目前国内国外常用的热物理性质数据的手册和数据库，以及查阅和使用中的单位换算和注意事项。供广大设计人员，材料研究和开发人员，测试人员参考使用。

某些高技术领域，如微电子集成与封装领域，电机领域，LED节能领域，绝缘材料的散热能力正成为瓶颈问题，迫切需要制备综合性能优良的高导热高分子复合材料。通过填充高导热填料来提高基体材料的导热系数，正成为主流方法。填料含量达到“逾渗”阈值后，体系中填料不再是均匀分散，而是会形成链状或网状的导热链网形态，并表现出各向异性。稳态法是对其进行导热能力表证的最佳方法。

Interactions between water and component materials take place in all steps of dosage from manufacture. These interactions can affect the mechanical, physical and chemical properties and consequently also the behaviour of the material of interest.

Proteomics research is uncovering a vast array of new proteins, including enzymes. It is now clear that the old assumption that one gene encodes one protein in incorrect. One gene can encode for several proteins, and many proteins have multiple functions: which function is displayed is controlled by the protein’s molecular environment. The structure and function of a protein are controlled by interactions with macromolecules such as other proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Studying a protein in isolation (for example, obtaining the crystal or NMR structure of a purified protein) is critical to establishing a structural basis for the protein’s function(s). However, true functional characterization of the protein generally requires manipulation of multi-component systems under stringently-controlled conditions, and evaluating the roles of the physical characteristics of the protein. Proteomics has highlighted the need for a technique that can quantify the interactions between molecules under physiologically-relevant conditions.

When two proteins interact and bind, conformational changes in the proteins, and rearrangement of the solvent in the vicinity of the binding site, result in the absorption or generation of heat. Quantification of this reaction heat by ITC provides a complete thermodynamic description of the binding interaction, the stoichiometry of binding, and the association constant; in addition, if structural information is available, the contributions of specific amino acids mediating the binding event can be identified and their thermodynamic contributions quantified.

Continuous isothermal titration calorimetry (cITC) is ideal for studying rapid binding events typical of many biological recognition and binding reactions. The binding constant, stoichiometry and enthalpy of the reaction are accurately determined in significantly less time than that required using incremental isothermal titration calorimetry.

All enzymatic reactions generate heat, so all enzymatic reactions can in principle be directly studied by calorimetry. Calorimetric experiments do not require extensive protocol development, and measurements are direct, rapid, non-destructive and sensitive. In addition to kinetics data, ITC also generates thermodynamic information which can help correlate enzyme stability to reaction rates and substrate specificity.

? 安全 ? 您再也不需要液氮或其他冷却气体，远离窒息、冻伤或其他危险 ? 方便 ? 再不需要采购、更换、填充液氮， 只要有电，您的ACS永远候命 ！ ? 小巧 ? ACS将节约您36% 到 75% 的实验室空间 ? 安静 ? 有效和耐久的设计带给您完全可以被忽略的噪音. ? 物超所值 ? ACS只需要您2-3年的液氮消耗成本*（取决您的实际液氮消耗情况）

该附件是在原DMA上增加了一个密封的样品室，额外增加一个湿度发生及控制器，从而使温度达到5°C–120°C，湿度达到5-95%。从而使材料耐受严酷的温湿度双85考验成为可能！

Like ITC, DSC is a valuable approach for studying binding between a biological macromolecule and a ligand such as another biopolymer or a drug. Unlike ITC, DSC allows the thermodynamics that drive binding to be correlated, at least to a degree, with conformational changes in the macromolecule caused by the binding reaction. DSC is particularly useful for characterizing very tight or slow binding interactions. DSC also allows characterization of binding reactions that are incompatible with the organic solvent requirements of some ITC experiments (i.e., where ligand solubility for an ITC experiment requires concentrations of organic solvent not tolerated by the protein).?

Various techniques yield either structural or functional information about a protein, but DSC uniquely provides insights into both the three-dimensional arrangement and the functional properties of a protein’s structural components.

In the past few decades calcium sulfate based building products have become materials of choice for various interior construction purposes, The basis of gypsum technology is the ability of gypsum to transform into various calcium sulfates (hemihydrale, anhydrite) when being heated. When hemihydrate or anhydrite is mixed with water calcium sulfale dihydrate is formed again due to re-hydralion. During re-hydration of hemihydrate, the following exothermic reaction occurs:

Solution calorimetry measures the heat of solution of a solid dissolving into a solvent. Hogan & Buckton (2000) have shown there is a measurable difference in the enthalpies of solution between the amorphous and crystalline form of a material. Typically, the dissolution of a crystalline material is an endothermic process and exothermic for an amorphous material. Such an ability to differentiate between the amorphous and crystalline form of a material is important to formulators of solid dosage forms for drug delivery. In all of these forms the assessment of the order or possible disorder associated with the solid material is vital for stability and compatibility testing. Generally the presence of amorphous material influences the physical integrity and usually the kinetics of degradation. Often, only a small amount of amorphous material can produce severe effects on the stability of a particular formulation.

Since the introduction of the first commercial (temperature servo) device for quantitatively measuring heat flow into (or out of) a sample as it undergoes a transition, there has been considerable confusion about what name should be used to describe this analytical measurement (1). A wide variety of labels has been applied including Quantitative Differential Thermal Analysis (QDTA) (1,2,3), Dynamic Differential Calorimetry (DDC), Dynamic Enthalpic Analysis (DEA) and, of course, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). DSC has been the most accepted name largely because instrument manufacturers have used the term. With the introduction of other commercial devices, which also measure differential heat flow but are not based on the temperature servo approach , the confusion has increased. This confusion has been aggravated by the instrument manufacturers themselves who have often claimed unspecified advantages for their particular instrument. The manufacturer of the original commercial device, understandably, has attempted to limit the DSC definition exclusively to his design. He continues to claim that his instrument is the only “true DSC”.?

The purpose of this paper is to assist DSC users with interpretation of unusual or unexpected transitions in DSC results. The transitions discussed in the paper are several of the ones that most frequently create problems for the new user, and which can also fool even an experienced thermal analyst. By applying some of the recommended procedures and solutions, most laboratories will be able to improve the overall quality and interpretation of DSC results.

Two common problems in the TG-DTG analysis of unknown elastomer vulcanizates and probable solutions are discussed. The first problem concerns the difficulty in quantitatively determining the oil and elastomer in the compound in cases where their volatilization temperature range overlaps. After a review of the published works which studied this problem, isothermal TG (with or without vacuum) along with the use of "High Resolution" TG equipment is recommended. The second problem concerns separate determination of carbon residue from the elastomers and added carbon black in the compound, which very often oxidizes together. Subtraction of the carbon residue formed by the elastomers, determined by previous analyses, from the total weight loss in oxygen, was suggested in the literature. However, the quantity of char depends on type of the elastomer, as well as its concentration, curative type and amount and rate of heating. The problem is not, therefore, fully resolved. Experiments under slow feed of lean oxygen gas and isothermal temperature were also suggested in the literature. Under this condition, oxidation of carbon black and char may occur at slightly different temperatures and overlapping is minimized. However, this could be achieved only for large and medium particle size blacks (soft blacks) which oxidize at higher temperatures and not for the smaller particle size blacks, (used mostly in tire treads). Further work under slow feed of lean oxygen with a superimposed isothermal program and/or vacuum is recommended. The capability of the recently announced "High Resolution Thermogravimetric Analyzer" should also be explored.?

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is used to measure heat flow into or out of a sample as it is exposed to a controlled thermal profile. DSC provides both qualitative and quantitative information about material transitions such as the glass transition, crystallization, curing, melting, and decomposition. For some of these transitions, DSC can provide not only the temperature at which the transition (reaction) occurs and how much total heat is involved, but DSC can also provide valuable information about the rate (kinetics) of reaction. Furthermore, with the advent of easy-touse computer based data analysis programs, the ability to obtain such kinetic information has become more practical.?

Manufactures have been listening. In growing numbers, they have been hearing the rising voices of dissatisfied customers, outspoken consumer advocates, government watchdogs, and litigious lawyers. The message: The public wants products that work, that last a reasonable length of time, and that are safe to use.?

近年来已有越来越多利用微量热仪器研究食品相关课题发表，包含天然物的分离纯化、食品加工程序优化、食品添加剂、食品污染及毒性评估等。基于仪器的高灵敏度及能够量测活体生物生长代谢能量的优点，已有许多研究植物细胞、动物细胞或微生物（细菌、真菌、病毒等）相关文献发表在不同领域。本短文乃是基于生长代谢能量之量测，在食品加工上的应用简介。