奶油奶酪这类松软的,可涂抹的食品通常是具有粘弹性的物质。它们的结构特征决定了用户的接受度,比如可涂抹性。这个特性一来可以决定此类物质是否在使用温度下可以轻易规则的变形并均匀分布,二来也会决定被涂抹的基底物质,比如松软白面包的承受能力。现在有多种方法来测量与这类食品的流变性能,而其流变性能则与其涂抹性能直接相关。Breidinger and Steffe[1] 等人通过桨叶式夹具测试屈服应力,屈服应变等数据建立了这类可涂抹性食品的织构图。这类具有可涂抹性的半液体软物质食品很难使用旋转流变仪用常规平行板或者同轴圆筒夹具来测量,因为在测量过程中很有可能出现壁滑以及在细小测量间隙的加样过程中出现过多样品破坏。因此,对于此类流变测试,通常推荐使用桨叶式夹具。
奶油奶酪这类松软的,可涂抹的食品通常是具有粘弹性的物质。它们的结构特征决定了用户的接受度,比如可涂抹性。这个特性一来可以决定此类物质是否在使用温度下可以轻易规则的变形并均匀分布,二来也会决定被涂抹的基底物质,比如松软白面包的承受能力。现在有多种方法来测量与这类食品的流变性能,而其流变性能则与其涂抹性能直接相关。Breidinger and Steffe[1] 等人通过桨叶式夹具测试屈服应力,屈服应变等数据建立了这类可涂抹性食品的织构图。这类具有可涂抹性的半液体软物质食品很难使用旋转流变仪用常规平行板或者同轴圆筒夹具来测量,因为在测量过程中很有可能出现壁滑以及在细小测量间隙的加样过程中出现过多样品破坏。因此,对于此类流变测试,通常推荐使用桨叶式夹具。
奶油奶酪这类松软的,可涂抹的食品通常是具有粘弹性的物质。它们的结构特征决定了用户的接受度,比如可涂抹性。这个特性一来可以决定此类物质是否在使用温度下可以轻易规则的变形并均匀分布,二来也会决定被涂抹的基底物质,比如松软白面包的承受能力。现在有多种方法来测量与这类食品的流变性能,而其流变性能则与其涂抹性能直接相关。Breidinger and Steffe[1] 等人通过桨叶式夹具测试屈服应力,屈服应变等数据建立了这类可涂抹性食品的织构图。这类具有可涂抹性的半液体软物质食品很难使用旋转流变仪用常规平行板或者同轴圆筒夹具来测量,因为在测量过程中很有可能出现壁滑以及在细小测量间隙的加样过程中出现过多样品破坏。因此,对于此类流变测试,通常推荐使用桨叶式夹具。
The aim of this study is to improve our knowledge of the processes that lead to clay smear during faulting ofa layered sand-clay sequence in an analogue sandbox model. We carefully characterized mechanical properties of thematerials used by a series of geotechnical tests. Displacement field was quantified using PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry).The model is water-saturated to allow the deformation of wet clay and sand in one experiment comprising a sandpackage with a horizontal layer of clay above a predefined rigid basement fault. The thickness and rigidity of the claylayer are the parameters varied in this study. The model shows a range of structures that are related to competencecontrast between sand and different clay types. Results show ductile shearing of soft clay with a transition to brittlefracturing of stiff clay accompanied by the formation of rotating clay blocks in the fault zone. Localized deformation isobserved through time showing (i) the propagation of one active fault migrating laterally through the sediment package,and (ii) the formation of a stable prism between two or more active faults that gets progressively smaller with minorrotation of the hanging wall fault. Continuous clay smear is observed resulting from the lateral injection of clay as wellas from a reworked mixture of sand and clay.