高精度热流传感器

HPV 茎流量传感器/Sap Flow SensorHPV茎流量传感器是一款校准型、低成本的热脉冲液流传感器，输出校准液流量、热速、茎水含量、茎温等数据，功耗低，内置加热控制，同时改善了传统的加热方式，其原理采用双方法（DMA）热脉冲法，测量范围：-200~+1000cm/hr(热流速度)或-100~+2000cm3/cm2/hr (茎流通量密度)，可广泛用于于茎流量监测、植物茎流蒸发计算、植物茎流蒸腾量、植物灌溉等植物茎流是树木内部的“水”运动，而蒸腾是从叶片通过光合作用蒸发流出的水分。树液流量和蒸腾量之间有很强的关联性，通常理解是同一回事。但是，严格地说，它们是不同的，这体现在它们是如何被测量的。SAP流量以L/hr（或每天、每周等）为单位进行测量。蒸腾量以每小时、每天、每星期等毫米（mm）为单位测量。 蒸散量=蒸腾量+蒸发量 蒸腾量以毫米为测量单位，可与降雨量以毫米计作比较。随着时间的推移，降雨量（水输入）应与蒸腾量（输出）相匹配。如果蒸腾作用更高，通常是树木作物的蒸腾作用，那么这种差异必须通过灌溉来弥补。 蒸发量（evaporation），蒸发量是指在一定时段内，由土壤或水中的水分经蒸发而散布到空中的量。1mm(降雨量)=1㎡地面1kg水1mm(蒸腾量)=1㎡叶面积的1升树液流量（水） 例如：在果园和葡萄园等有管理的树木作物系统中，蒸发量与蒸腾量相比非常小。因此，为了简化测量，通常忽略蒸发量，将蒸腾量取为平均蒸散量（ETo）。 技术指标测量范围：-200~+1000cm/hr(热流速度)分辨率：0.001cm/hr准确度：±0.1cm/hr探针尺寸：φ1.3mm*L30mm温度位置：外10mm，内20mm针距：6mm探针材质：316不锈钢温度范围：-30~+70℃响应时间：200ms加热电阻：39Ω，400J/m电源：12V DC电流：空闲5mA, 测量270mA信号输出：SDI-12线缆：5m，最大60m茎流量传感器参考文献：1. Kim, H.K. Park, J. Hwang, I. Investigating water transport through the xylem network in vascular plants.J. Exp. Bot. 2014, 65, 1895–1904. [CrossRef] [PubMed]2. 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[CrossRef]8. Forster, M.A. How reliable are heat pulse velocity methods for estimating tree transpiration? Forests 2017 , 8, 350. [CrossRef]9. Bleby, T.M. McElrone, A.J. Burgess, S.S.O. Limitations of the HRM: Great at low flow rates, but no yet up to speed? In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Sap Flow: Book of Abstracts, Seville, Spain, 22–24 October 2008.10. Pearsall, K.R. Williams, L.E. Castorani, S. Bleby, T.M. McElrone, A.J. Evaluating the potential of a novel dual heat-pulse sensor to measure volumetric water use in grapevines under a range of flow conditions. Funct. Plant Biol. 2014, 41, 874–883. [CrossRef]11. Clearwater, M.J. Luo, Z. Mazzeo, M. Dichio, B. An external heat pulse method for measurement of sap flow through fruit pedicels, leaf petioles and other small-diameter stems. Plant Cell Environ. 2009 , 32, 1652–1663.[CrossRef]12. Green, S.R. Romero, R. Can we improve heat-pulse to measure low and reverse flows? Acta Hortic. 2012 , 951, 19–29. [CrossRef]13. Green, S. Clothier, B. Perie, E. A re-analysis of heat pulse theory across a wide range of sap flows. Acta Hortic. 2009, 846, 95–104. [CrossRef]14. Ferreira, M.I. Green, S. Concei??o, N. Fernández, J. Assessing hydraulic redistribution with thecompensated average gradient heat-pulse method on rain-fed olive trees. Plant Soil 2018 , 425, 21–41.[CrossRef]15. Romero, R. Muriel, J.L. Garcia, I. Green, S.R. Clothier, B.E. Improving heat-pulse methods to extend the measurement range including reverse flows. Acta Hortic. 2012, 951, 31–38. [CrossRef]16. Testi, L. Villalobos, F. New approach for measuring low sap velocities in trees. Agric. Meteorol. 2009 , 149, 730–734. [CrossRef]17. Vandegehuchte, M.W. Steppe, K. Sapflow+: A four-needle heat-pulse sap flow sensor enabling nonempirical sap flux density and water content measurements. New Phytol. 2012, 196, 306–317. [CrossRef] [PubMed]18. Kluitenberg, G.J. Ham, J.M. Improved theory for calculating sap flow with the heat pulse method.Agric. 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A comparison of sap flow and eddy fluxes of water vapor from aboreal deciduous forest. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102, 28929–28937. [CrossRef]24. Barkas, W.W. Fibre saturation point of wood. Nature 1935, 135, 545. [CrossRef]25. Kollmann, F.F.P. Cote, W.A., Jr. Principles of Wood Science and Technology: Solid Wood Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, Germany, 1968.26. Swanson, R.H. Whitfield, D.W.A. A numerical analysis of heat pulse velocity and theory. J. Exp. Bot. 1981 ,32, 221–239. [CrossRef]27. Barrett, D.J. Hatton, T.J. Ash, J.E. Ball, M.C. Evaluation of the heat pulse velocity technique for measurement of sap flow in rainforest and eucalypt forest species of south-eastern Australia. Plant Cell Environ. 1995 , 18, 463–469. [CrossRef]28. Biosecurity Queensland. Environmental Weeds of Australia for Biosecurity Queensland Edition Queensland Government: Brisbane, Australia, 2016.29. Steppe, K. de Pauw, D.J.W. Doody, T.M. Teskey, R.O. A comparison of sap flux density using thermaldissipation, heat pulse velocity and heat field deformation methods. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2010 , 150, 1046–1056. [CrossRef]30. López-Bernal, A. Testi, L. Villalobos, F.J. A single-probe heat pulse method for estimating sap velocity in trees. New Phytol. 2017, 216, 321–329. [CrossRef] [PubMed]31. Forster, M.A. How significant is nocturnal sap flow? Tree Physiol. 2014, 34, 757–765. [CrossRef] [PubMed]32. Cohen, Y. Fuchs, M. Falkenflug, V. Moreshet, S. Calibrated heat pulse method for determining water uptake in cotton. Agron. J. 1988, 80, 398–402. [CrossRef]33. Cohen, Y. Takeuchi, S. Nozaka, J. Yano, T. Accuracy of sap flow measurement using heat balance and heat pulse methods. Agron. J. 1993, 85, 1080–1086. [CrossRef]34. Lassoie, J.P. Scott, D.R.M. Fritschen, L.J. Transpiration studies in Douglas-fir using the heat pulse technique. For. Sci. 1977, 23, 377–390.35. Wang, S. Fan, J. Wang, Q. Determining evapotranspiration of a Chinese Willow stand with three-needleheat-pulse probes. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 2015, 79, 1545–1555. [CrossRef]36. Bleby, T.M. Burgess, S.S.O. Adams, M.A. A validation, comparison and error analysis of two heat-pulse methods for measuring sap flow in Eucalyptus marginata saplings. Funct. Plant Biol. 2004 , 31, 645–658.[CrossRef]37. Madurapperuma, W.S. Bleby, T.M. Burgess, S.S.O. Evaluation of sap flow methods to determine water use by cultivated palms. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 66, 372–380. [CrossRef]38. Green, S.R. Measurement and modelling the transpiration of fruit trees and grapevines for irrigationscheduling. Acta Hortic. 2008, 792, 321–332. [CrossRef]39. Intrigliolo, D.S. Lakso, A.N. Piccioni, R.M. Grapevine cv. ‘Riesling’ water use in the northeastern UnitedStates. Irrig. Sci. 2009, 27, 253–262. [CrossRef]40. Eliades, M. Bruggeman, A. Djuma, H. Lubczynski, M. Tree water dynamics in a semi-arid, Pinus brutiaforest. Water 2018, 10, 1039. [CrossRef]41. Zhao, C.Y. Si, J.H. Qi, F. Yu, T.F. Li, P.D. Comparative study of daytime and nighttime sap flow of Populus euphratica. Plant Growth Regul. 2017, 82, 353–362. [CrossRef]42. Deng, Z. Guan, H. Hutson, J. Forster, M.A. Wang, Y. Simmons, C.T. A vegetation focused soil-plant-atmospheric continuum model to study hydrodynamic soil-plant water relations. Water Resour. Res. 2017, 53, 4965–4983. [CrossRef]43. Doronila, A.I. Forster, M.A. Performance measurement via sap flow monitoring of three Eucalyptus species for mine site and dryland salinity phytoremediation. Int. J. Phytoremed. 2015, 17, 101–108. [CrossRef]44. López-Bernal, á. Alcántara, E. Villalobos, F.J. Thermal properties of sapwood fruit trees as affected byanatomy and water potential: Errors in sap flux density measurements based on heat pulse methods. Trees2014, 28, 1623–1634. [CrossRef]创新点：HPV茎流量传感器是一款校准型、低成本的热脉冲液流传感器，输出校准液流量、热速、茎水含量、茎温等数据，功耗低，内置加热控制，同时改善了传统的加热方式，其原理采用双方法（DMA）热脉冲法，测量范围：-200~+1000cm/hr(热流速度)或-100~+2000cm3/cm2/hr (茎流通量密度)，可广泛用于于茎流量监测、植物茎流蒸发计算、植物茎流蒸腾量、植物灌溉等植物茎流是树木内部的“水”运动，而蒸腾是从叶片通过光合作用蒸发流出的水分。树液流量和蒸腾量之间有很强的关联性，通常理解是同一回事。但是，严格地说，它们是不同的，这体现在它们是如何被测量的。HPV 植物茎流传感器/植物液流计

p 日前，“高精度激光调制吸收水气传感器应用技术”科技成果在北京通过专家评审，中科院院士姚建铨等评委会专家一致认为，该系统首次在国内无人机高空湿度测量、文物领域高湿环境监测等开展应用，在文物领域的应用填补了国内外空白，达国际先进水平。而市场上存在的传统测量方法在低温、高湿情况下，存在分辨率低、迟滞和误差大等问题。/pp 北京航天易联科技公司总经理李刚说，该传感器将国外传统水气传感器误差从± 5%提升到本传感器的± 1.5% 将传统传感器响应时间从10—30秒提升至100毫秒，实现了传感器技术的跨越 由于采用半导体光源，光源发出的检测气体特定光谱效率高，并使用信号处理算法，检测精度极高，可达1ppm(百万分之一)量级等。/pp　　此技术由北京航天易联科技发展有限公司、中科院半导体研究所、中科院电工研究所联合研发，具有多项核心自主知识产权。经多年研究和大量试验、测试，该传感器有稳定性和防爆性好、寿命长，环境适应性好等优势，可应用于气象环保、文物保护、石油化工等领域的湿气监测。/ppbr//ppbr//p

2009年2月1日英国Crowborough - 仕富梅很荣幸地宣布，全球首款高精度数字氧气传感器----Paracube Premus O2传感器模块正式上市。　　Paracube Premus是在 Hummingbird Sensing Technology 新品牌下研发的首款传感器模块，其专业系列产品能够满足每个OEM合作伙伴对传感器的特殊要求。　　Premus采用仕富梅成熟的顺磁氧测量池技术，其非损耗、紧凑弹性设计实现了业内领先的精度，集成度，线性度和重复性。除了氧气测量精度媲美苛刻的医疗氧气测量精度外，它还提供完整的0-100% O2量程，独创的数字信号处理技术还使测量稳定性更加出色。　　Premus已通过本安认证，并和所有 Hummingbird 传感模块一样，也在仕富梅先进的ISO9001认证生产设备上按最高标准打造。　　Premus是诸多应用场合的理想选择，如持续排放检测系统(CEMS)，车辆排放测试及实验室测量等。结合仕富梅专业的技术支持，它提供低拥有成本的解决方案，安装运行完全令人放心。　　有关Hummingbird Paracube Premus的更多信息，请联系仕富梅销售团队。　　欧洲业务中心电话：+31 (0) 79 330 1581 / 00800 737866390(法国，荷兰，德国，比利时和英国免费客服电话)　　美洲业务中心电话：+1 281 295 5800　　亚太地区业务中心电话：+86 (0)21 6489 7570