中/美/欧/日四大药典溶液颜色检查规范 --参考与比较
中/美/欧/日四大药典澄清度检查规范-中英双译中国药典20200902 澄清度检查法澄清度检查法系将药品溶液与规定的浊度标准液相比较,用以检查溶液的澄清度。除另有规定外,应采用第一法进行检测。品种项下规定的“澄清”,系指供试品溶液的澄清度与所用溶剂相同,或不超过0.5号浊度标准。“几乎澄清”,系指供试品溶液的浊度介于0.5号至1号浊度标准液的浊度之间。第一法(目视法)除另有规定外,按各品种项下规定的浓度要求,在室温条件下将用水稀释至一定浓度的供试品溶液与等量的浊度标准液分别置于配对的比浊用玻璃管(内径15-16 mm,平底,具塞,以无色、透明、中性硬质玻璃制成)中,在浊度标准液制备5 分钟后,在暗室内垂直置于伞棚灯下,照度为1000 lx,从水平方向观察、比较。除另有规定外外,供试品溶解后应立即检视。第一法无法准确判定两者的澄清度差异时,改用第二法进行测定,并以其测定结果进行判定。浊度标准存贮液的制备 称取于105℃干燥至恒重的硫酸肼1.00 g,置于100 ml量瓶中,加水适量使溶解,必要时可在40℃的水浴中温热溶解,并用水稀释至刻度,摇匀,放置4-6小时;取此溶液于等容量的10%乌洛托品溶液混合,摇匀,于25℃避光静置24小时,即得。该溶液置冷处避光保存,可在2个月内使用,用前摇匀。浊度标准原液的制备 取浊度标准贮备液15.0 ml,置1000 ml量瓶中,加水稀释至刻度,摇匀,取适量,置1 cm吸收池中,照紫外-可见分光光度法(通则0401),在550 nm的波长处测定,其吸光度在0.12-0.15范围内,该溶液应在48小时内使用,用前摇匀。浊度标准液制备 取浊度标准原液与水,按照下表配置,即得。浊度标准液应临用时制备,使用前充分摇匀。 第二法(浊度仪法)供试品的浊度可采用浊度仪测定。溶液中不同大小、不同特性的微粒物质包括有色物质均可使入射光产生散射,通过测定透射光或者散射光的强度,可以检查供试品的浊度。仪器测定模式通常有三种类型,透射光式、散射光式和透射光-散射光比较测量模式(比率浊度模式)。1.仪器的一般要求采用散射光式浊度仪时,光源峰值波长为860 nm;测量范围应包含0.01-100ntu。在0-10ntu范围内分辨率应为0.01ntu;在10-100ntu范围内分辨率应为0.1ntu.2.适用范围及检测原理本法采用散射光式浊度仪,适用于低、中浊度无色供试品溶液的浊度测定(浊度值为100ntu以下的供试品。)因为高浊度的供试品会造成多次散射现象,时散射光强度迅速下降,导致散射光强度不能正确反映供试品的浊度值。0.5-4号浊度标准液的浊度值范围约为0-40ntu。采用散射光式浊度仪测定时,入射光和测定的散射光呈90℃夹角,入射光强度和散射光强度关系式如下。i=k’t i0式中 i为散射光强度,单位为cd; i0 为入射光强度,单位为cd; k’为散射系数; t为供试品溶液的浊度值,单位为ntu(ntu是基于福尔马肼浊度标准液液测定的散射浊度单位,福尔马肼浊度标准液即为第一法中的浊度标准贮备液)。在入射光i0不变的情况下,散射光强度i与浊度值成正比。因此,可以将浊度测量转化为散射光强度的测量。3.系统的适用性试验仪器应定期(一般每月一次)对浊度标准液的线性和重复性进行考察,采用0.5号至4号浊度标准液进行浊度值测定,浊度标准液的测定解果(单位ntu)与浓度间应呈线性关系,线性方程的相关系数应不低于0.999;取0.5号至4号浊度标准液,重复测定5次,0.5号和1号浊度标准液测量浊度值的相对标准偏差应不大于5%,2-4号浊度标准液测量浊度值的相对标准偏差不大于2%。4.测定法按照仪器说明书要求并采用规定的浊度液进行仪器校正。溶液剂直接取样测定;原料药或者其它剂型按照个论项下的标准规定制备供试品溶液,临用时制备。分别取供试品溶液和相应浊度标准液进行测定,测定前应摇匀,并避免产生气泡,读取浊度值。供试品溶液浊度值不得大于相应浊度标准液的浊度值。 美国药典usp44 visual comparison 视觉比较the purpose of this test is to provide the details for the visual comparison of the color and/or turbidance of sample solutions of certain concentration to a standard solution or a series of standard solutions of known concentration. where a color or turbidity comparison is directed, follow the procedures and conditions outlined below for performing these tests.本试验的目的是提供特定浓度的样品溶液与已知浓度的标准溶液或一系列标准溶液的颜色和/或浊度的视觉比较细节。如果需要进行颜色或浊度比较,请遵循以下程序和条件进行这些测试 comparison vessels: color-comparison tubes matched as closely as possible in internal diameter, in depth of sample solution, and in all other respects should be used.对比容器:应使用内径、样品溶液深度和所有其他方面尽可能匹配的颜色对比管。 viewing conditions for turbidity comparison: tubes should be viewed horizontally against a dark background with the aid of a light source directed fromthe sides of the tubes.浊度比较的观察条件:应在黑暗背景下,借助从管子侧面发出的光源水平观察管子。 viewing conditions for color comparison: tubes should be viewed downward against a white background. most of the time, common room lighting is sufficient to perform the assessment. a light source directed from beneath the bottoms of the tubes may be used if needed and if the practice is consistent between the materials under comparison.颜色比较的观察条件:管子应在白色背景下向下观察。大多数情况下,公共空间照明足以进行评估。如果需要,并且对比材料之间的实践一致,可以使用从管底部下方引导的光源 nephelometry and turbidimetry 散射光浊度法和透射光比浊法1. introduction 介绍nephelometry and turbidimetry are analytical techniques that are based on the principles of light-scattering phenomena. light scattering is the physical phenomenon in which a beam of light changes its direction of propagation (known as deflection) as a result of interaction with sufficiently small matter particles. it has been established from the maxwell electromagnetic theory that a prerequisite for scattering to occur is that the refractive indexes of the suspended particles must be different from those of the suspending liquid. the larger the difference, the more intense the scattering becomes. there are two types of light scattering: 1) elastic scattering, in which the wavelength of the scattered light and incident light are the same and 2) inelastic light scattering, in which the wavelength of the scattered light and incident light are different. only the first type of light scattering (elastic) is relevant to nephelometry and turbidimetry.散射光浊度法和透射光比浊法是基于光散射现象原理的分析技术。光散射是一种物理现象,其中光束由于与足够小的物质粒子相互作用而改变其传播方向(称为偏转)。根据麦克斯韦电磁理论,散射发生的先决条件是悬浮颗粒的折射率必须不同于悬浮液体的折射率。差异越大,散射越强烈。光散射有两种类型:1)弹性散射,其中散射光和入射光的波长相同;2)非弹性光散射,其中散射光和入射光的波长不同。只有前一种光散射(弹性)与散射光浊度法和透射光比浊法有关。 in turbidimetry, the intensity of the transmitted light is measured and the attenuation of the intensity of incident light as a result of scattering is measured at the direction of incident light (i.e., 0°) and compared to the intensity of incident light (blank measurement). the measured property is an indirect measurement of the scattering effect of the suspended particles and is referred to as turbidance. any absorbance of light by the suspended sample will result in additional attenuation of light intensity (see ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy—theory and practice ). hence, it is important to ensure that the material being measured does not absorb light at the measurement wavelength. indeed the equations governing absorption and turbidimetry are the same (albeit with different values for the attenuation constants). in nephelometric techniques, the intensity of the scattered light at a 90° angle from the propagation direction of the incident light is measured. therefore, a nephelometric measurement is a direct measurement of the scattering effect of suspended matter.在透射光比浊法中,测量透射光的强度,并在入射光方向(即0°)测量散射导致的入射光强度的衰减,并与入射光强度进行比较(空白测量)。被测特性是悬浮颗粒散射效应的间接测量,称为浊度。悬浮样品对光的任何吸收都会导致光强度的额外衰减(参见 ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy和 ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy—theory and practice)。因此,确保被测材料不会吸收测量波长处的光非常重要。实际上,控制吸收和浊度测定的方程式是相同的(尽管衰减常数的值不同)。在散射光浊度法中,测量与入射光传播方向成90°角的散射光强度。因此,散射光浊度法浊度测量是对悬浮物散射效应的直接测量。 2. terms and definitions 术语和定义terms commonly used in describing turbidimetric and nephelometric techniques are:• turbidance (symbol, s): a measure of the decrease of the transmitted incident light beam intensity as a result of the light-scattering effect of suspended particles. the amount of suspendedmatter may be measured by observation of either the transmitted light (turbidimetry) or the scattered light (nephelometry).log i0/it = kbc = ti0 = intensity of incident lightit = intensity of transmitted lightk = molar turbidity coefficientb = cell path lengthc = concentrationt = turbidance• turbidity (symbol, τ): in turbidimetric measurements, the turbidity is the measure of the decrease in incident beam intensity/unit length of a given suspension. the international organization for standardization defines turbidity as “the reduction of transparency of a liquid caused by the presence of undissolved matter”.• turbidity measurement units: the turbidity units are stated using a descriptor which indicates the method of measurement.• nephelometric turbidity units (ntus): when the turbidity is measured using a nephelometer, which measures the scattered light at a 90° angle from the direction of propagation of incident light, the units of turbidity are called nephelometric turbidity units (ntus). the magnitude of ntu is defined based on the turbidity generated by primary formazin standard (a suspension made by mixing solutions of hydrazine sulfate and hexamethylenetetramine in water). safer polymer-bead suspensions are now commercially available and are recognized as an acceptable alternative. however, all those standards are traced to formazin. the primary formazin standard solution has been assigned a turbidity of 4000 ntus.other recognized units for turbidity include the formazin turbidity unit (ftu) and the formazin nephelometric unit (fnu). these units are equivalent to ntu for the range from 0–40 ntus.描述浊度法和浊度法的常用术语包括:• 浊度(符号s):由于悬浮颗粒的光散射效应,透射入射光束强度降低的一种度量。悬浮物的量可以通过观察透射光(比浊法)或散射光(浊度法)来测量。log i0/it = kbc = ti0=入射光强度it=透射光强度k=摩尔浊度系数b=样品池路径长度c=浓度t=浊度• 浊度(符号,τ):在透射光浊度测量中,浊度是给定悬浮液的入射光束强度/单位长度减少的量度。国际标准化组织将浊度定义为“由于存在未溶解物质而导致液体透明度降低”。• 浊度测量单位:浑浊度单位用一个描述符表示,该描述符指示测量方法。• 散射光浊度计浊度单位(ntu):当使用散射光浊度法测量浊度时,浊度计以与入射光传播方向成90°角的角度测量散射光,浊度单位称为散射光浊度法浊度单位(ntu)。ntu的大小是根据初级福尔马肼标准品(一种将硫酸肼和六亚甲基四胺溶液混合在水中制成的悬浮液)产生的浊度定义的。更安全的聚合物微珠悬浮液现已上市,并被公认为可接受的替代品。然而,所有这些标准都可以追溯到福尔马肼。初级福尔马肼标准溶液的浊度为4000 ntu。其他公认的浊度单位包括福尔马肼比浊法单位(ftu)和福尔马肼浊度法单位(fnu)。这些单位相当于0-40 ntu范围内的ntu。3. applications 应用turbidimetric and nephelometric techniques have applications that include 1) concentration determination of solutions and/or suspensions (determination of several cations and anions by precipitating and suspending the resulting precipitate at well-controlled reaction parameters) 2) measurement of the degree of turbidity of turbid solutions or suspensions 3) determination of weight-average molecular weights and dimensions of polydisperse systems in the molecular weight range from 1000 to several hundred million 4) measurement of immunoassays’ reaction kinetics or kinetics of immunoprecipitations (rate nephelometry) 5) monitoring of cell and bacteria growth and 6) particle size distribution determination of suspended material, particle counting, etc.透射光比浊法和散射光浊度法技术的sfer 50 ml of primary formazin standard to a 200-ml volumetric flask, and dilute with particle-free water to volume and mix. the resulting suspension has a turbidity of 1000 ntus.• formazin reference suspensions: prepare by mixing in a 100-ml volumetric flask, portions of the respective formazin stock standard suspension and particle-free water according to table 1.[注:以下所有的程序必须在20±2°的条件下进行(参见)]• 硫酸肼溶液:将1.000 g acs级硫酸肼(n2h4h2so4)溶解在100 ml 的a类容量瓶中中,并用无颗粒水稀释至刻度。让该溶液静置4-6