冷凍乾燥法是優良的菌種保存方法，能夠維持菌種的穩定性，通常適用於細菌、酵母菌及能產生孢子的黴菌，但對於只有菌而不會產孢的黴菌及菇類真菌而言是不能適用的，因此凍乾法對於菇類真菌來講是有限制的。由於精液及血液能成功地保存於液態氮中，啟發了真菌或許也能利用此一方法來保存的構想。由於此種超低溫保存法能減少細胞內外的液態水而使許多生理作用不能進行，並能防止細胞核的分裂，使細胞發生變異之可能性降低最低，故對菌種中心及相關研究是最重要的方法。

Stomacher 80 Biomaster可以处理5~80ml的样品。因处理完的样品已经存放在灭菌袋子中，故可以安全的放置一夜待到次日分析。Stomacher 80 Biomaster 是世界上最小的搅拌器，在设计上节约空间， 避免操作人员接触有传染性或危险的物质。

药物稳定性是指药物在生产制备后，经过运输、贮藏、周转，直至临床应用前的一系列过程中质量变化的程度。稳定性的研究是为了探测药物在贮藏期内质量变化的规律，保证药物在使用期限内不发生明显的质量变化。稳定性预测方法从本世纪50年代Garrett提出的经典恒温法，到90年代多元线性模型法，一直是人们积极研究的一个热点。本文拟就这一方面作一下介绍。 稳定性预测方法通常有留样观察法和加速预测法。留样观察法能真实反映实际情况，但费时较长，工作量较大。这里我们主要讨论加速预测法。

植物组织培养（plant tissue culture)是指植物的离体器官、组织或细胞在人工控制的环境下培养发育再生成完整植株的技术。用于离体培养进行无性繁殖的各种植物材料称为外植体（explant）。根据外植体的种类，又可将组织培养分为：器官培养、组织培养、胚胎培养、细胞培养以及原生质体培养等

原初反应使光系统的反应中心发生电荷分离，产生的高能电子推动着光合膜上的电子传递。电子传递的结果，一方面引起水的裂解放氧以及NADP+的还原；另一方面建立了跨膜的质子动力势，启动了光合磷酸化，形成ATP。这样就把电能转化为活跃的化学能。

叶片是光合作用的主要器官，而叶绿体（chloroplast,chlor）是光合作用最重要的细胞器。 在光合作用的反应中吸收光能的色素称为光合色素，主要有三种类型：叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和藻胆素。高等植物中含有前两类，藻胆素仅存在于藻类中。

生物制品的冷冻干燥产品，需要有一定的物理形态、均一的颜色、合格的残余水份含量、良好的溶解性、高的存活率或效价，长的保存期。因此，不仅要对配制过程和冻干后的密封保存进行控制。更重要的是对冷冻干燥过程的每一阶段的各参数进行全面的控制，才能得到优质的产品。冻干曲线和时序就是进行冷冻干燥过程控制的基本依据。 冻干曲线就是表示冻干过程中产品的温度、压力随时间变化的关系曲线；冻干时序是在冻干过程中不同时间，各种设备的启闭运行情况。冻干加工中最重要的过程参数是制品的温度和干燥箱内的压力。对于某一具体的冻干机，由于制品的温度与搁板温度或箱内空间温度有一定依从关系，许多设备又不能控制产品表面的压力，所以实践中冻干曲线往往用搁板温度（或箱内空间温度）与时间的关系曲线来表示。为了监测冻干过程的主要参数，配自动记录仪的冻干机一般均自动记录下搁板的温度、制品温度、水汽凝结器温度、冻干箱压力等四个参数和时间的曲线。这些曲线均为冻干曲线。

需要冻干的物品需配制成一定浓度的液体，为了能保证干燥后有一定的形状，一般冻干产品应配制成含固体物质浓度在4%～25%之间的稀溶液，以浓度为10%～15%最佳。 这种溶液中的水，大部分是以分子的形式存在于溶液中的自由水；少部分是以分子吸附在固体物质晶格间隙中或以氢键方式结合在一些极性基团上的结合水。固定于生物体和细胞中的水，大部分是可以冻结和升华的自由水，还有一部分不能冻结、很难除去的结合水。冻干就是在低温、真空环境中除却物质中的自由水和一部分的吸附于固体晶格间隙中的结合水。因此，冷冻干燥过程一般分三步进行，即预冻结、升华干燥（或称第一阶段干燥）、解析干燥（或称第二阶段干燥）。

第一节 冷冻干燥的原理 一、冻干的概念、目的及应用 冷冻干燥就是把含有大量水分的物质，预先进行降温冻结成固体。然后在真空的条件下使水蒸汽直接从固体中升华出来，而物质本身留在冻结的冰架子中，从而使得干燥制品不失原有的固体骨架结构，保持物料原有的形态,且制品复水性极好。 利用冷冻干燥目的是为了贮存潮湿的物质，通常是含有微生物组织的水溶液，或不含微生物组织的水溶液。产品在冻结之后置于一个低水气压下，这时包含冰的升华，直接由固态在不发生熔化的情况下变成汽态。与其他干燥方式相比避免了化学、物理和酶的变化，从而确保了制品物性在保存时不易改变。实际需要的低水汽压是靠真空的状况下达到的。 真空冷冻干燥技术主要应用于： (1)　热稳定性差的生物制品，生化类制品，血液制品，基因工程类制品等药物冻干； (2)　为保持生物组织结构和活性，外科手术用的皮层、骨骼、角膜、心瓣膜等生物组织的处理； (3)　以保持食物色、香、味和营养成分以及能迅速复水的咖啡、调料、肉类、海产品、果蔬的冻干； (4)　在微胶囊制备、药品控释材料等方面的应用。 以保持生鲜物质不变性的人参、蜂皇浆、龟鳖等保健品及中草药制剂的加工； (5)　超微细粉末功能材料如：光导纤维、超导材料、微波介质材料、磁粉以及能加速反应工程的催化剂的处理等。 二、冷冻干燥的原理及优点 1、 水的状态平衡图 物质有固、液、汽三态，物质的状态与其温度和压力有关。图1-1示出水（H2O）的状态平衡图。图中OA、OB、OC三条曲线分别表示冰和水、水和水蒸汽、冰和水蒸汽两相共存时其压力和温度之间的关系。分别称为溶化线、沸腾线和升华线。此三条曲线将图面分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个区域，分别称为固相区、液相区和气相区。箭头1、2、3分别表示冰溶化成水，水汽化成水蒸汽和冰升华成水蒸汽的过程。曲线OB的顶端有一点K，其温度为374℃，称为临界点。若水蒸汽的温度高于其临界温度374℃时，无论怎样加大压力，水蒸汽也不能变成水。三曲线的交点O，为固、液、汽三相其存的状态，称为三相点，其温度为0.01℃，压力为610Pa。在三相点以下，不存在液相。 若将冰面的压力保持低于610Pa，且给冰加热，冰就会不经液相直接变成汽相，这一过程称为升华。 真空冷冻干燥是先将湿料冻结到共晶点温度以下,使水分变成固态的冰,然后在较高的真空度下,使冰直接升华为水蒸气,再用真空系统中的水汽凝结器将水蒸气冷凝,从而获得干燥制品的技术。干燥过程是水的物态变化和移动的过程。这种变化和移动发生在低温低压下。因此，真空冷冻干燥的基本原理就是低温低压下传质传热的机理。 2、 冷冻干燥的优点 冷冻干燥与常规的晒干、烘干、煮干、喷雾干燥及真空干燥相比，有许多突出的优点： （1）　冷冻干燥在低温下进行，因此在对于许多热敏性的物质特别适用。如蛋白质、微生物之类，不会发生变性或失去生物活力。 （2）　在冻干过程中，微生物的生长和酶的作用无法进行。因此能保持原来的性状。 （3）　在低温下干燥时，物质中的一些挥发性成份和受热变性的营养成分损失很小，适合一些化学制品、药品和食品的干燥。 （4）　由于在冻结的状态下进行干燥，因此制品的体积、形状几乎不变，保持了原来的结构，不会发生浓缩现象。干燥后的物质疏松多孔，呈海绵状，加水后溶解迅速而完全，几乎立即恢复原来的性状。 （5）　在真空下进行干燥，物料处于高度缺氧状态下，容易氧化的物质得到了保护。 （6）　干燥能排除95-99%以上的水份，使干燥后产品能长期保存而不变质。

标准化的微生物样本制备及成像分析系统。五洲东方公司提供全套微生物检验解决方案，SPIRAL DS PLUS螺旋菌落接种仪可在无任何全部或中间稀释的情况下进行快速细菌接种。

冷冻干燥就是把含有大量水分的物质，预先进行降温冻结成固体，然后在真空的条件下使水蒸汽直接升华出来，而物质本身剩留在冻结时的冰架中，因此它干燥后体积不变，疏松多孔

光学变焦是通过镜头、物体和焦点三方的位置发生变化而产生的。当成像面在水平方向运动的时候，视觉和焦距就会发生变化，更远的景物变得更清晰，让人感觉像物体递进的感觉。显而易见，要改变视角必然有两种办法，一种是改变镜头的焦距。用摄影的话来说，这就是光学变焦。通过改变变焦镜头中的各镜片的相对位置来改变镜头的焦距。另一种就是改变成像面的大小，即成像面的对角线长短在目前的数码摄影中，这就叫做数码变焦。实际上数码变焦并没有改变镜头的焦距，只是通过改变成像面对角线的角度来改变视角，从而产生了“相当于”镜头焦距变化的效果。

最大像素数 最大像素英文名称为Maximum Pixels，所谓的最大像素是经过插值运算后获得的。插值运算通过设在数码相机内部的DSP芯片，在需要放大图像时用最临近法插值、线性插值等运算方法，在图像内添加图像放大后所需要增加的像素。插值运算后获得的图像质量不能够与真正感光成像的图像相比。

感光器件工作原理：电荷藕合器件图像传感器CCD（Charge Coupled Device）器械2类光学仪器等数码产品大同小异，除了模具，外观用途和采用的技术不同以外里面的术语通常就是以下一些：现在对其详细的讲解和论述：感光器件；CCD尺寸；最大像素数；有效像素数；最高分辨率；最高分辨率；图像分辨率；光学变焦；数字变焦；显示屏尺寸；显示屏类型；特殊功能；兼容操作系统；相于当35mm尺寸；广角镜头；镜头性能；镜头性能；光圈范围；近拍距离；对焦范围；快门速度；快门类型；等效感光度；曝光模式。

对于研究物质的界面特性，了解化合物或混合物成分的表面热力学特性是很有必要的。本文主要对马来酸酐和马来酸酐－苯乙烯混合物接枝的聚乙烯进行了研究。尽管在高于玻璃化温度时，主体吸附和形态特征对分析有一定的影响，但是采用无限稀释法来评价材料的表面色散性和酸碱性是一种很适合的方法。

One of the trends affecting the medical device industy is the tighening of already stringen heath and safty regulatory guaindlines. A concurrent trend is increasing desighn complexity of devices used in invasive procedures. Consideration of these trends is the impetus for medical device manufactures to implement lastest technologies in contamination removal.

Abstract This seminar is intended to provide a general understanding of: 1. Do the issues we are used to in hybrid production still relevant? 2. What is plasma and can it address the issues previously mentioned? 3. What are the interaction mechanisms between organics and plasma? . Many already concede that plasma is the most environmentally safe method of both the organic removal and surface modification to date, but is cleanliness still an issue? Hybrid circuits have begun to approach the critical dimensions of semiconductors in the late 1960''s with the advent of CSP, BGA and FC. Rather than eliminate cleaning, these new Αsmaller circuits presented a whole new criteria for cleaning and removal of organics. This seminar will review the current industry and how it addresses the cleaning issue in terms of effectiveness and application.

This seminar is intended to provide a general understanding of: 1. Are the issues we are used to in hybrid production still relevant? 2. What is plasma and can it address the issues previously mentioned? 3. What are the interaction mechanisms between organics and plasma? . Many already concede that plasma is the most environmentally safe method of both organic removal and surface modification to date, but is cleanliness still an issue? Hybrid circuits have begun to approach the critical dimensions of semiconductors in the late 1960''s with the advent of CSP, BGA and FC. Rather than eliminate cleaning these new “smaller” circuits are presenting a whole new criteria for cleaning and removal of organics. This seminar will review the current industry and how it addresses the cleaning issue in terms of effectiveness and application.

New medical products, materials and surgical procedures keep improving current health-care practices. Many of these innovations involve polymeric devices that must meet certain clinical and cost requirements. Chief among these pressures is the need for biocompatibility between the physiological environment and the biomaterial surface. Plasma surface modification can improve biocompatibility and biofunctionality. This article reviews the capabilities and applications of the technology.

本文介绍用等离子体进行表面处理后，对样品的表面进行处理，改变表面的亲水疏水性质。用接触角测量仪进行表面清洁度的分析，所用材料包括金属、高分子材料等。

Metal containing amorphous carbon (a-C:Me) films including a-C:Al, a-C:Ti, a-C:Ni, a-C:Si were prepared by the filtered cathodic vacuum arc (FCVA) technique with metal-carbon (5 at.% metal) composite targets. The substrate bias ranging from floating to 1000 Vwas applied. The wettability of the films was examined using the VCA Optima system from AST Products, Inc. Three types of liquid with different polarities were used to study the surface energy changes of the films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the composition and chemical state of the films. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to characterize the morphology and roughness of the films. The contact angle of the a-C:Me films remains relatively constant with different substrate bias. The Al containing films show the highest contact angle with water, which reaches as high as 1018. The Si containing films show the lowest contact angle approximately 648. The contact angles of Ni and Ti containing films are approximately 808, 978, respectively. The harmonic-mean method was used to calculate the polar and depressive component of the surface energy. The absorption of oxygen on the surface plays an important role on the polar component of the a-C:Me films. The formation of Al–O and Ti–O bonds is responsible for their lower polar component. The metal state Ni results in higher polar component. However, the Si–O bond is contributed to the high polar component of a-C:Si films. As all films are atomic scale smooth, the RMS roughness is below 0.5 nm, the roughness does not have obvious effect on the surface energy.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films were treated with CF4 plasma immersion. The samples were processed at different RF powers and treatment time. The surface modification of PET films was evaluated by water contact angle (CA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscope (AFM). Decrease in contact angle of both sides of PET films was observed under mild treatment conditions. However, as raising treatment power and/or time, the change in contact angle between the two sides of PET films was different. The relatively hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces were being in situ formed on the two sides of PET films, respectively. And the extreme values of water contact angle reached 108.63 and 7.568, respectively. XPS analyses revealed that there was a substantial incorporation of fluorine and/or oxygen atoms in both side surfaces. The relative chemical composition of the C (ls) spectra’s showed the incorporation of non-polar fluorine-based functionalities (i.e. –CF–CFn–, –CF2– or –CF3 groups) and polar oxygen-based functionalities (i.e. –COOH or –OH groups) in the surfaces. Correlation between the plasma parameters and the surface modification of PET films is also discussed.

The Ti-containing amorphous carbon (a-C:Ti) deposited by the off-plane double bend (OPDB) Filtered Cathodic Vacuum Arc (FCVA) technique has been shown to exhibit very good mechanical properties such as low stress and ultra-high hardness and electrochemical properties. Further studies reveal that a-C:Ti films have a hydrophobic surface (contact angle with water N908). This is mainly due to the formation of Ti–O bond when the samples are exposed to the ambient air. In this paper, we show that with ultraviolet (UV) laser treatment,the contact angle of a-C:Ti films with water could be reduced to be as low as 36.28, forming a hydrophilic surface. After storing the film in ambient air for 3 h, the contact angle increased to 808 and the film recovered back to the original hydrophobic condition. We attributed this to the absorption of hydroxyl groups on the surface by the photocatalysis reactions of TiO2. This behavior makes the film a good potential candidate for self-clean coatings.

We have investigated in situ and in real time vapor-phase adsorption kinetics of 1-decene on hydrogenated Si(111), using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIRS). The Si surface is hydroge-nated in a NH4F solution. The p-polarized IR absorbance of Si–H vibrational mode at 2083.7 cm
1 and its absence in s-polarized IR absorption spectrum support that the Si(111) surface is terminated mostly with monohydrides prior to 1-decene exposure. The 1-decene adsorption and simultaneous dehydrogenation result in a decane self-assembled monolayer (SAM). We have employed contact angle goniometry and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR-XPS) to characterize the decane SAM prepared at substrate temperatures ranging from 30 to 180
C. Independent of the substrate temperature, the average sessile-drop water contact angle on decane SAM is 102 ± 2
, indicative of its hydrophobicity.

Surface roughness amplifies the water-repellency of hydrophobic materials. If the roughness geometry is, on average, isotropic then the shape of a sessile drop is almost spherical and the apparent contact angle of the drop on the rough surface is nearly uniform along the contact line. If the roughness geometry is not isotropic, e.g., parallel grooves, then the apparent contact angle is no longer uniform along the contact line. The apparent contact angles observed perpendicular and parallel to the direction of the grooves are different. A better understanding of this problem is critical in designing rough superhydrophobic surfaces. The primary objective of this work is to determine the mechanism of anisotropic wetting and to propose a methodology to quantify the apparent contact angles and the drop shape. We report a theoretical and an experimental study of wetting of surfaces with parallel groove geometry.

Q-sense AB 公司刚刚发出了他们最新的小册子——qnews 10。主要讲了两方面内容：表面活性剂以及高分子在固体表面的吸附研究，主要与化学表面处理、自组装有关；另一方面是生物活性分子在生物材料表面的修饰和改性，主要与医用材料和生物材料有关。

EKO导热系数测定仪可用于建筑材料的分析。建筑保温越来越引起人们的注意，建筑节能材料，成为材料发展的一个重要方向。文本提供了测量建筑材料导热系数的方法。

VIP板真空绝缘板，导热系数比较低一般在0.005W/mK,目前在冰箱、航空等领域得到广泛的应用，而且也是保温材料发展的一个重要方向。文章提供了一个测量VIP板的实验数据，可以看出EKO在VIP材料的测量方面有其独特的优势。

采用的仪器类型为HC-074-200.文章列出来聚氨酯材料导热系数的测量结果：从结果可以看出高热仪器重复性非常好。两次测量的误差是0.01%。

The study deals with the adhesion and proliferation of bovine retina pericytes onto surfaces of poly(hydroxymethylsiloxane) (PHMS) modified either by cold plasma or by low-energy ion beams. The surface treatment was able to convert the original polymer matrix into SiO2-like phases for O2-plasma or ion-mixed SiCxOy(Hz) phases for ion irradiation, respectively, with different modification levels of the surface free energy (SFE) and related surface wettability. Pericytes exhibited a negligible adhesion and proliferation onto untreated PHMS, an enhanced adhesion but not proliferation on plasma-treated PHMS, and great adhesion and proliferation to full confluence on ion-irradiated PHMS, as measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), quartz crystal microbalance, and optical microscopy. On the other hand, the adhesion and proliferation of GP8.39 endothelial cells (EC), which are strongly associated with pericytes in microvasculature, were very scarce onto both untreated and surface-modified PHMS. The surface-selective pericytal response was related to changes of physicochemical properties of PHMS film, from hydrophobic/neutral towards hydrophilic/negatively charged polymer layers, as well as to short- and long-time events of cell–surface interaction. We propose that surface properties can mediate and modulate cell–polymer matrix adhesion through the establishment of stereospecific chemical interactions and/or electrostatic repulsion, which can also explain the different behavior of pericytes compared to EC.