For a very large number of the global population (approximately 50%) rice is the primary foodstuff. People in Asia and Africa virtually exist only on rice. As a result of this there are incredibly large rice crop areas especially in Asia.

FM 06FM Homogenization of breakfast cereals using cryogenic grinding Journal of Food Engineering 51 (2002) 59-63 用SPEX冷凍研磨機研究把谷类早餐同质化

Abstract Immiscible polymers, including polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), were blended in the solid state via mechanical attrition, the first step of a near net-shape manufacturing (NNSM) technique. Subsequent analysis via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) with synchrotron radiation successfully distinguished between blend components. Characteristic absorbance peaks for each polymer allowed both qualitative and quantitative mapping within prepared samples. Reproducible area maps were created for 50/50 blends of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/PET and PET/PS, which exhibited areas of macroscopic phase separation. Fluctuations in blend concentration were particularly evident for PS/PMMA. However, spatial resolution was shown to limit the detection of heterogeneities. Further modifications with the synchrotron IR apparatus will improve resolution and allow for the direct comparison of NNSM-processed and melt-blended polymers. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Solid-state blending; Microspectroscopy; Miscibility; Polymers; Characterization methods

Abstract Previous comparative studies on the impact of cryogenic mechanical milling (CMM) of polymers showed significantly changed thermal and mechanical properties and—in the case of some polymer blends (e.g., PMMA/PVDF) an improved miscibility. Those changes were mainly attributed to a reduction of the molecular weight average during the milling process. The crystallization process in macromolecular systems is strongly affected by any small change of the initial chain structure like the chain conformation, the presence of branches and of course a decrease of the molecular weight average. Therefore, the aim of this paperwas a comparative study of isothermal crystallization of cryogenic mechanically milled and original (unmilled) polymers and polymer blends. The overall crystal growth rates were determined and the development of the spherulitic morphology was studied in detail by means of hot stage polarized light microscopy. Isothermal crystallization of bulk samples was also investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The average spherulite growth rates of the milled homo-polymer as well as the blends were significantly higher than in unmilled samples; even when all experiments started from the molten state. Moreover, the increase in crystal growth was almost independent of the chosen crystallization temperature and thus the degree of undercooling. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Cryogenic mechanical milling; PVDF; Blends; Crystallization

In the application discussed here, the 6750 Freezer/Mill® was used for grinding compact synthetics (pellets, webbing fabric, textiles, etc.) as well as polymer yarns, fleece material, filaments (polypropylene (PP), polyethylene or polyester). Grinding was required for accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of additives contained in synthetic materials (e.g. antioxidants using HPLC and INOC-Test). The Freezer/Mill is ideal for this application, providing the required particle size reduction in a relatively short time period.

One goal in materials research is to develop new synthetic materials with characteristics that cannot be accomplished by the usual smelting process, as the polymers tend to separate during the heating process.

A simple method is proposed for copper, lead and manganese determination in deciduous teeth by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) using slurry sampling introduction and cryogenic sample preparation. Teeth samples were ground in a cryogenic mill in two steps: pre-cooling (5 min) and cryogenic grinding (2 min) in liquid nitrogen. After grinding, 90% of the sample particles were lower than 150 mm. The minimum mass necessary for slurry preparation as an indicator of sub-sample homogeneity was evaluated by weighting masses between 5 and 20 mg directly in autosampler cups, followed by addition of 1 mL of a solution containing 0.04% Triton1 X-100 and 0.2% v/v HNO3. Samples (20 mL) were sonicated during 20 s, before delivering into a W–Rh coated platform. Detection limits based on integrated absorbance were 34.0 ng g21 Pb, 7.4 ng g21 Mn and 18.0 ng g21 Cu for 2% m/v slurries. W–Rh permanent modifier permitted calibration against aqueous standards. The Certified Reference Material (H-5 animal bone) from the International Agency of Atomic Energy (IAEA) was analyzed to determine lead for method validation. For copper, lead and manganese, 12 human teeth samples were analyzed using the proposed method with calibration against aqueous solution and using a comparative Pd/Mg method with the same digested samples, and standard addition calibration, with no statistical difference at 95% level on applying the t-test.

This method is designed to maximize recovery of PCR-amplifiable DNA from ancient bone and teeth specimens and at the same time to minimize co-extraction of substances that inhibit PCR. This is achieved by a combination of DNA extraction from bone powder using a buffer consisting solely of EDTA and proteinase K, and purification of the DNA by binding to silica in the presence of high concentrations of guanidinium thiocyanate. All steps are performed at room temperature (20–23 1C), thereby reducing further degradation of the already damaged and fragile ancient DNA and providing an optimal trade-off between DNA release and degradation. Furthermore, the purification step removes most of the various types of PCR inhibitors present in ancient bone samples, thereby optimizing the amount of ancient DNA available for subsequent enzymatic manipulation, such as PCR amplification. The protocol presented here allows DNA extraction from ancient bone and teeth with a minimum of working steps and equipment and yields DNA extracts within 2 working days.

Canada is quickly establishing itself as a world leader in disaster victim identification (DVI) and forensic odontology. Although he would never take credit for this country’s increasing influence, Dr. David Sweet of Vancouver has been one of the driving forces behind Canada’s achievements in this highly specialized field. After joining the University of British Columbia faculty of dentistry in 1984, Dr. Sweet was asked to form a forensic dentistry study club in 1992. His aim was to train fellow dentists in forensic science disciplines with the ultimate goal of developing a mass disaster response team for western Canada. The team, known as the B.C. Forensic Odontology Response Team or BC-FORT, now comprises 81 members, about half of which are dentists from B.C.

Abstract. After the tsunami 453 Swedish citizens were reported missing. The first reference samples ante mortem (AM samples) were received on January 4. A total of 757 samples including 124 from the PKU bio-bank were collected within a few weeks. The DNA analysis started on January 12. The genetically best references, 566 samples, were selected and 86% were analyzed by the end of February. At March 7 several laboratories got a request to take part in the analysis of post mortem (PM) samples. After quality test we received 600 samples on April 5 to be analyzed within 6 months. Of these 133 samples were withdrawn. By July 22 the remaining 467 were analyzed. The success rate was 90% with 421 good profiles and a request for 46 new samples. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: DNA extraction; Bone; PCR; STR; Capillary electrophoresis

For several decades biologists have looked for ways of recovering irúormative biomole即 cules from the remalns of dead animals and plants

FM 104FM Dental DNA collection methods Forensic Dental Evidence use of FM – An Investigator''s Handbook 用SPEX冷凍研磨機研究牙科DNA的收集方法

World Trade Center Human Identification Project: Experiences with Individual Body Identification Cases

Abstract A fully articulated dog skeleton excavated from a 16th-century Neutral Iroquoian site in Ontario, Canada displays a distinctive osteological condition known as hypertrophic osteopathy (HPO). Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis of the dog has isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA, linking the secondary condition of HPO to tuberculosis (TB) and representing the oldest known case of TB yet to be discovered in the domestic dog. We emphasize that dogs should be considered as potential reservoirs of TB into the Americas.
2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Ancient DNA; Dogs; Hypertrophic osteopathy; Iroquoian; Palaeopathology; Tuberculosis

The object of the study was to determine if there is a connection between the seriousness of arthritic diseases, especially of the knee joint and certain genes. To this end the expression profile of various genes in the tissue of healthy and diseased probands was compared. Total RNA was isolated from cartilage tissue and the activity of certain genes was analyzed via PCR or micro array analysis.

Replicative senescence occurs when normal somatic cells stop dividing. Senescent cells remain viable, but show alterations in phenotype, e.g. altered expression of matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs ); these enzymes are known to be involved in cartilage destruction. It is assumed that cells deplete their replicative potential during aging, and age is a major risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we hypothesized that chondrocytes in aging or diseased cartilage become senescent with associated phenotypic changes contributing to development or progression of OA.

Guidelines for Cryogenic Grinding of Bone In SPEX SamplePrep Freezer/MillsTM Success in Freezer/Mill cryogrinding depends on two main things: • The sample must be cold enough to be brittle. • The impactor must be able to move freely back and forth.

Excess proteolysis of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of articular cartilage is a key characteristic of arthritis. The main enzymes involved belong to the metalloproteinase family, specifically the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a group of proteinases with a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS). Chondrocytes are the only cell type embedded in the cartilage ECM, and cell-matrix interactions can influence gene expression and cell behaviour. Thus, although the use of monolayer cultures can be informative, it is essential to study chondrocytes encapsulated within their native environment, cartilage, to fully assess cellular responses. The aim of this study was to profile the temporal gene expression of metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors, the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), and α2-macroglobulin (α2M), in actively resorbing cartilage. The addition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine combination of interleukin-1 (IL-1) + oncostatin M (OSM) to bovine nasal cartilage induces the synthesis and subsequent activation of pro-metalloproteinases, leading to cartilage resorption.

Abstract The influence of cryogenic mechanical milling on the structure and the thermal behavior of isotactic polypropylene was investigated by means of wide-angle X-ray scattering, differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy. The results presented show that structural changes caused by mechanical milling at cryogenic temperatures are only partly reversible. The decrease in the degree of crystallinity as determined by differential scanning calorimetry with increasing milling time is attributed to a reversible transformation of the initial morphology into a ‘‘nanostructured’’ morphology, consisting of small ‘‘fragments’’ of the original isotactic polypropylene lamellae. During recrystallization from the molten state, there still exists an influence of the previous milling treatment, leading to significantly changed crystallization behavior. The reason for this behavior might be a decrease in the molecular weight or a change in the molecular weight distribution or the formation of long-chain branched polypropylene molecules induced by cryogenic mechanical milling. Keywords Cryogenic mechanical milling Æ Polypropylene Æ Transmission electron microscopy Æ Nanostructure Æ Differential scanning calorimetry

Assessment of Amorphous Phase Formation and Amorphous Phase Physical Stability 多晶型吲哚美辛（Indomethacin）和Solvates的低溫研磨 ：评估非晶相的 形成和非晶相物理稳定性- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin- Madison

In several recent papers [1–5] we have shown that cyclic organic species are part of the active sites for methanol-toolefin (MTO) catalysis on microporous solid acids [6,7]. On zeolite HZSM-5 these “reaction centers” are either methylsubstituted cyclopentenyl carbenium ions or methylbenzenes [2]. On the silico-aluminophosphate acid catalyst HSAPO-34 [7], the reaction centers are methylbenzenemolecules [3,5], and we cannot rule out the possibility that other types of arenes, e.g., methylnaphthalenes, could also be reaction centers. HSAPO-34 has the CHA topology (its 1 nm cages are interconnected through 0.37 nm windows), and aromatic molecules, even benzene, once formed cannot escape

Abstract This research is an effort to produce a useful polymer from a post-consumer mixed polymer waste stream consisting primarily of polypropylene and polyethylene. Mixed waste flakes were milled to a fine powder by cryogenic impact milling, and then injection molded into tensile test samples. The effect of incorporating nanoclay before milling was investigated. Despite the presence of porosity in the milled powder samples, the tensile properties were found to be higher than those of the unmilled polymer. Differential scanning calorimetry thermal analysis suggests the possibility of the formation of alloy between the immiscible polymers. q 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords : Plastic; Recycle; Nonoclay; Cryogenic milling; Tensile properties

Abstract The investigation of trace metal contents in hair can be used as an index of exposure to potentially toxic elements. Direct determination of Cd, Cu and Pb in slurries of hair samples was investigated using an atomic absorption spectrometer with Zeeman-effect background correction. The samples were pulverized in a freezermill for 13 min, and hair slurries with 1.0 g l1 for the determination of Cu and Pb, and 5.0 g l1 for the determination of Cd, respectively, were prepared in three different media: 0.1% vv Triton X-100, 0.14 mol l1 HNO3, and 0.1% vv of CFA-C, a mixture of tertiary amines. The easiest way to manipulate the hair samples was in CFA-C medium. The optimum pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were established with hair sample slurries spiked with 10 g l1 Cd2, 30 g l1 Pb2, and 10 g l1 Cu2. For Cd and Pb, Pd was used as a chemical modifier, and for Cu no modifier was needed. The analyte addition technique was used for quantification of Cd, Cu, and Pb in hair sample slurries. A reference material ŽGBW076901. was analyzed, and a paired t-test showed that the results for all elements obtained with the proposed slurry sampling procedure were in agreement at a 95% confidence level with the certified values. The cryogenic grinding was an effective strategy to efficiently pulverize hair samples.
2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Freezermill; Cryogenic grinding; Water-soluble tertiary amines; Atomic absorption spectrometry; Electrothermal atomization

A small amount of an oligomeric hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) (Adekastab LA-68LD) in polypropylene (PP) materials was directly determined by solid sampling matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) using an internal standard method. First the matrix reagent (dithranol), 20 mg, and the empirically selected internal standard, angiotensin I (MW¼1296.5), 5 mg, were premixed in the solid state. The matrix mixture was then co-ground with the PP sample containing the HALS in liquid nitrogen using a freezer mill. The powdered sample mixture was spotted on the sample plate, suspended in ion-exchanged water, dried to adhere on the plate, and subjected to MALDI-MS. Three series of the HALS components accompanied by the oxidized species were clearly observed as their molecular ions (M.t) along with that of the internal standard in the mass spectra. A fairly good linear relationship (R2¼0.9991) with a relative standard deviation of ca. 11% was observed between the relative peak intensities of the HALS components and the HALS contents ranging from 0.1–2.5 wt%, which could be used as the calibration line to determine the HALS content in PP composites directly by MALDI-MS. The UV-exposed PP composite samples were evaluated by this method to interpret the photostabilizing action of HALS in the PP materials based on the observed change in the relative abundances of the original and oxidized HALS components as a function of UV-exposure time. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract Using the Agilent G1888 Network Headspace/6890N GC/5975 inert MSD system several primary packaging materials for pharmaceuticals were evaluated in a study. In this Application Note results for two of these materials, a labeled HDPE bottle and a soft elastomer liner from the inside of the screw cap are presented. A multiple headspace extraction technique (MHE) was used and the highest attainable amount of extractables that could ever be concentrated in the drug product was calculated. Further, the extraction efficiency of the MHE procedure was studied using benzaldehyde and phenol as target compounds. The analytical results obtained from the inert 5975 headspace-GC/MS provide excellent sensitivity when utilizing SIM/Scan data acquisition with multiple headspace extraction (MHE). The synchronous SIM/Scan feature of the 5975 MSD allows for very low level SIM detection while also searching for unkowns using scan data.

The Synthesis of Mg-based Transition-Metal Complex Hydrides Using Different Milling Techniques 1.background and ball milling 2.cryomilling and microstructural evolution 3.hydrogen absorption 4.reactive milling 5.summary and outlook

105FM Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) of Plasticizers from Poly (vinyl Chloride ) Polymer 用冷冻研磨机当样品前处理去研究由高分子加速溶剂萃取 （ ASE ）聚（氯乙烯）的增塑剂dionex spex application note(FM Polymers高分子)

Domestic waste presents a very inhomogeneous mix made up of very different substances. Apart from polymer synthetics and organic substances like cork, wood, and paper there may be inorganic materials and metals present. In order to use this domestic waste in a useful way it is burned in waste incinerating plants to gain heat combustion

The Freezer/Mill®, a cryogenic mill is useful where other grinding procedures fail. Flexible materials like synthetics and biological samples are embrittled at Liquid Nitrogen temperatures. The sample is hermetically sealed and cross contamination is impossible. Since the Freezer/Mill is driven magnetically there is no wear and tear on the movable parts.

Molecular Effects of Pollution in Cetacean Samples Using the Cytochrome P450, CYP 1A1, 1A2, and 1B1 as Biomarkers