光纤型双通道PAM-100测量系统 DUAL-PAM/F

Dual-PAM/F: Dual-PAM-100的光纤版，适合野外使用
Schreiber教授因发明PAM系列调制叶绿素荧光仪而获得首届国际光合作用协会（ISPR）创新奖2006年正式商业化的双通道PAM-100荧光仪——DUAL-PAM-100，是大名鼎鼎的PAM-101/102/103的升级版，是全球唯一可同步测量P700（PS I活性）和叶绿素荧光（PS II活性）的仪器，短短两年多时间里在全世界科研界得到广泛应用，发表了数十篇高水平科研论文。

受光电技术限制，DUAL-PAM-100的测量头DUAL-DB（或DUAL-DR）和DUAL-E都是外置的，仪器不方便在野外使用。2009年，Schreiber教授及其团队经过两年的不断研发、改进，终于做到在不损失信号的基础上将所有的激发光源和检测器内置到主机中，推出了光纤版双通道PAM-100荧光仪——DUAL-PAM/F。

DUAL-PAM/F采用光纤做为激发光、叶绿素荧光和P700信号的传导体，方便在野外现场测量P700和叶绿素荧光，朝着P700的现场测量迈出了一大步！

主要功能* 野外或室内单独或同步测量叶绿素荧光和P700
* 两个光系统的诱导动力学曲线（包括快相和慢相）
* 两个光系统的快速光曲线和光响应曲线
* 淬灭分析、暗驰豫分析
* 典型的P700曲线测量
* 通过叶绿素荧光和P700的同步测量获知两个光系统的电子传递动力学、电子载体库的大小、围绕PSI 的环式电子传递动力学等

应用领域
相当于两台PAM-101/ 102/ 103的功能，可同时测量光系统II活性（调制叶绿素荧光）和光系统I活性（P700吸收变化）可用于光合作用机理研究、植物生理学、农学、林学、园艺学等领域，特别适合于野外现场测量。

测量参数
PS II参数：Fo, Fm, F, Fm’, Fv/Fm, Y(II)=△F/Fm’, Fo’, qP, qL, qN, NPQ, Y(NPQ), Y(NO)和ETR(II)等
PS I参数：P700, Pm, Pm’, P700red, Y(I), Y(ND), Y(NA)和ETR(I)等

主要技术参数
* P700双波长测量光：LED，830 nm和870 nm
* PSII荧光测量光：LED，460 nm（DUAL-DB）或620 nm（DUAL-DR）
* 红色光化光：LED阵列，635 nm；最大连续光强2000 μmol m-2 s-1
* 蓝色光化光：LED，460 nm；最大连续光强700 μmol m-2 s-1
* 单周转饱和闪光（ST）：200000 μmol m-2 s-1，5～50 μs可调
* 多周转饱和闪光（MT）：20000 μmol m-2 s-1，1～1000 ms可调

部分利用DUAL-PAM发表的文献

1.Coopman RE, Fuentes-Neira FP, Briceño VF, Cabrera HM, Corcuera LJ, Bravo LA: Light energy partitioning in photosystems I and II during development of Nothofagus nitida growing under different light environments in the Chilean evergreen temperate rain forest Trees - Structure and Function2010, 24(2):247-259.[DUAL-PAM-100]
2.Huang W, Zhang S-B, Cao K-F: The different effects of chilling stress under moderate light intensity on photosystem II compared with photosystem I and subsequent recovery in tropical tree species. Photosynthesis Research2010, 103(3):175-182.[DUAL-PAM-100]
3.Ma W, Mi H, Shen Y: Influence of the redox state of Q_A on phycobilisome mobility in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 Journal of Luminescence2010:in press.[DUAL-PAM-100]
4.Pribil M, Pesaresi P, Hertle A, Barbato R, Leister D: Role of Plastid Protein Phosphatase TAP38 in LHCII Dephosphorylation and Thylakoid Electron Flow. PLoS Biol2010, 8(1):e1000288.[DUAL-PAM-100]
5.Saldaña AO, Hernández C, Coopman RE, Bravo LA, Corcuera LJ: Differences in light usage among three fern species of genus Blechnum of contrasting ecological breadth in a forest light gradient Ecological Research2010, 25(2):273-281.[DUAL-PAM-100]
6.Yin L, Lundin B, Bertrand M, Nurmi M, Solymosi K, Kangasjarvi S, Aro E-M, Schoefs B, Spetea C: Role of Thylakoid ATP/ADP Carrier in Photoinhibition and Photoprotection of Photosystem II in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology2010:in press.[DUAL-PAM-100, TEACHING-PAM]
7.程建峰, 陈根云, 沈允钢: 神农架林区不同类型植物的叶片特征与光合性能研究. 生态环境学报2010, 19(1):165-171.[DUAL-PAM-100, IMAGING-PAM]
8.Bernard DG, Cheng Y, Zhao Y, Balk J: An allelic mutant series of ATM3 reveals its key role in the biogenesis of cytosolic iron-sulfur proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009, 151:590-602.[DUAL-PAM-100]
9.Bernát G, Waschewski N, Rögner M: Towards efficient hydrogen production: the impact of antenna size and external factors on electron transport dynamics in Synechocystis PCC 6803 Photosynthesis Research2009, 99(3):205-216.[DUAL-PAM-100]
10.Chen J, Xia X, Yin W: Expression profiling and functional characterization of a DREB2-type gene from Populus euphratica Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2009, 378(3):483-487.[DUAL-PAM-100]
11.Chiu Y-F, Lin W-C, Wu C-M, Chen Y-H, Hung C-H, Ke S-C, Chu H-A: Identification and characterization of a cytochrome b559 Synechocystis 6803 mutant spontaneously generated from DCMU-inhibited photoheterotrophical growth conditions Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009, 1787(10):1179-1188.[DUAL-PAM-100]
12.Damkjær JT, Kereïche S, Johnson MP, Kovacs L, Kiss AZ, Boekema EJ, Ruban AV, Horton P, Jansson S: The Photosystem II Light-Harvesting Protein Lhcb3 Affects the Macrostructure of Photosystem II and the Rate of State Transitions in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell2009, 21:3245-3256.[DUAL-PAM-100, PAM-100]
13.Grouneva I, Jakob T, Wilhelm C, Goss R: The regulation of xanthophyll cycle activity and of non-photochemical fluorescence quenching by two alternative electron flows in the diatoms Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Cyclotella meneghiniana Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2009, 1787(7):929-938.[DUAL-PAM-100]
14.Hölzl G, Witt S, Gaude N, Melzer M, Schöttler MA, Dörmann P: The Role of Diglycosyl Lipids in Photosynthesis and Membrane Lipid Homeostasis inArabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009, 150:1147-1159.[DUAL-PAM-100, KLAS-100]
15.Johnson MP, Pérez-Bueno ML, Zia A, Horton P, Ruban AV: The Zeaxanthin-Independent and Zeaxanthin-Dependent qE Components of Nonphotochemical Quenching Involve Common Conformational Changes within the Photosystem II Antenna inArabidopsis. Plant Physiology2009, 149:1061-1075.[DUAL-PAM-100]
16.Johnson MP, Ruban AV: Photoprotective energy dissipation in higher plants involves alteration of the excited state energy of the emitting chlorophyll(s) in the light harvesting antenna II (LHCII). Journal of Biological Chemistry2009, 284:23592-23601.[DUAL-PAM-100]
17.Kromkamp JC, Beardall J, Sukenik A, Kopeck J, Masojidek J, van Bergeijk S, Gabai S, Shaham E, Yamshon A: Short-term variations in photosynthetic parameters of Nannochloropsis cultures grown in two types of outdoor mass cultivation systems. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2009, 56:309-322.[DUAL-PAM, Flow-Through WATER-PAM]
18.Lin A-P, Wang G-C, Yang F, Pan G-H: Photosynthetic parameters of sexually different parts of Porphyra katadai var. hemiphylla (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) during dehydration and re-hydration Planta2009, 229(4):803-810.[DUAL-PAM-100]
19.Lípová L, Krchňák P, Komenda J, Ilík P: Heat-induced disassembly and degradation of chlorophyll-containing protein complexes in vivo Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009, 1797(1):63-70.[DUAL-PAM-100]
20.Perreault F, Ali NA, Saison C, Popovic R, Juneau P: Dichromate effect on energy dissipation of photosystem II and photosystem I in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology2009, 96(1):24-29.[DUAL-PAM-100]
21.Schultze M, Forberich B, Rexroth S, Dyczmons NG, Roegner M, Appel J: Localization of cytochrome b6f complexes implies an incomplete respiratory chain in cytoplasmic membranes of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta2009, 1787(12):1479-1485.[DUAL-PAM-100]
22.Sukenik A, Beardall J, Kromkamp JC, Kopeck J, Masojídek J, van Bergeijk S, Gabai S, Shaham E, Yamshon A: Photosynthetic performance of outdoor Nannochloropsis mass cultures under a widerange of environmental conditions. Aquatic Microbial Ecology2009, 56(2-3):297-308.[DUAL-PAM-100, FLOW THROUGH WATER-PAM]
23.Tillich M, Hardel SL, Kupsch C, Armbruster U, Delannoy E, Gualberto JM, Lehwark P, Leister D, Small ID, Schmitz-Linneweber C: Chloroplast ribonucleoprotein CP31A is required for editing and stability of specific chloroplast mRNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2009, 106(14):6002-6007.[DUAL-PAM-100]
24.Tóth SZ, Puthur JT, Nagy V, Garab G: Experimental Evidence for Ascorbate-Dependent Electron Transport in Leaves with Inactive Oxygen-Evolving Complexes. Plant Physiology2009, 149:1568-1578.[PAM-100, DUAL-PAM-100]
25.Tsunoyama Y, Bernát G, Dyczmons NG, Schneider D, Rögner M: Multiple rieske proteins enable short- and long-term light adaptation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Journal of Biological Chemistry2009, 284:27875-27883.[DUAL-PAM-100]
26.薛占军, 高志奎, 王梅, 钟传飞, 高荣孚: 茄子（Solanum MelongenaL.）叶上表皮紫色花色素苷对光合机构的保护效应. 生态学报2009, 29(3):1374-1381.[DUAL-PAM-100]
27.Aronsson H, Schöttler MA, Kelly AA, Sundqvist C, Dörmann P, Karim S, Jarvis P: Monogalactosyldiacylglycerol deficiency in Arabidopsis affects pigment composition in the prolamellar body and impairs thylakoid membrane energization and photoprotection in leaves. Plant Physiology2008, 148:580-592.[DUAL-PAM-100, KLAS-100]
28.Bailey S, Melis A, Mackey KRM, Cardol P, Finazzi G, Dijken Gv, Berge GM, Arrigo K, Shrager J, Grossman A: Alternative photosynthetic electron flow to oxygen in marine Synechococcus Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 2008, 1777(3):269-276.[DUAL-PAM-100, WATER-PAM]
29.Ehlert B, Schöttler MA, Tischendorf G, Ludwig-Müller J, Bock R: The paramutated SULFUREA locus of tomato is involved in auxin biosynthesis. Journal of Experimental Biology2008, 59(13):3635-3647.[DUAL-PAM-100]
30.François P, Nadia AA, Cyril S, Philippe J, Radovan P: Alteration of Energy Dissipation by Dichromate in Xanthophyll Deficient Mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii In: Photosynthesis Energy from the Sun: 14th International Congress on Photosynthesis. Edited by Allen JF, Gantt E, Golbeck JH, Osmond B: Springer; 2008: 1535-1538.
31.Ma W, Chen L, Wei L, Wang Q: Excitation energy transfer between photosystems in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 Journal of Luminescence2008, 128(3):546-548.[DUAL-PAM-100]
32.Ma W, Wei L, Wang Q: The response of electron transport mediated by active NADPH dehydrogenase complexes to heat stress in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 Science in China2008, 51(12):1082-1087.[dual-pam-100]
33.Pfundel E, Klughammer C, Schreiber U: Monitoring the effects of reduced PS II antenna size on quantum yields of photosystems I and II using the Dual-PAM-100 measuring system. PAM Application Notes2008, 1:21-24.[DUAL-PAM-100]
34.Rogalski M, Schöttler MA, Thiele W, Schulze WX, Bock R: Rpl33, a nonessential plastid-encoded ribosomal protein in tobacco, is required under cold stress conditions. The Plant Cell2008, 20:2221-2237.[DUAL-PAM-100]
35.Schreiber U, Klughammer C: New accessory for the Dual-PAM-100: the P525/535 module and examples of its application. PAM Application Notes2008, 1:1-10.[DUAL-PAM-100]
36.Schreiber U, Klughammer C: Saturation Pulse method for assessment of energy conversion in PS I. PAM Application Notes2008, 1:11-14.[DUAL-PAM-100]
37.Schreiber U, Klughammer C: Non-photochemical fluorescence quenching and quantum yields in PS I and PS II: Analysis of heat-induced limitations using Maxi-Imaging-PAM and Dual-PAM-100. PAM Application Notes2008, 1:15-18.[MAXI-IMAGING-PAM, DUAL-PAM-100]
38.Xu M, Bernát G, Singh A, Mi H, Rögner M, Pakrasi HB, Ogawa T: Properties of mutants of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 lacking inorganic carbon sequestration systems. Plant Cell and Physiology2008, 49(11):1672-1677.[DUAL-PAM-100]
39.Schöttler M, Flügel C, Thiele W, Stegemann S, Bock R: The plastome-encoded PsaJ subunit is required for efficient Photosystem I excitation, but not for plastocyanin oxidation in tobacco. Biochemical Journal2007, 403(2):251-260.[DUAL-PAM-100]
40.Schöttler MA, Flügel C, Thiele W, Bock R: Knock-out of the plastid-encoded PetL subunit results in reduced stability and accelerated leaf age-dependent loss of the cytochrome b₆f complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry2007, 282(2):976-985.[PAM-100, DUAL-PAM-100]
41.Volkmer T, Schneider D, Bernát G, Kirchhoff H, Wenk S-O, Rögner M: Ssr2998 of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 is involved in regulation of cyanobacterial electron transport and associated with the cytochrome b₆f complex. Journal of Biological Chemistry2007, 282(6):3730-3737.[DUAL-PAM-100]
42.Kovács L, Damkjær J, Kereïche S, Ilioaia C, Ruban AV, Boekema EJ, Jansson S, Horton P: Lack of the Light-Harvesting Complex CP24 Affects the Structure and Function of the Grana Membranes of Higher Plant Chloroplasts. The Plant Cell2006, 18:3106-3120.[PAM-100, DUAL-PAM-100]
43.Lohmann A, Schottler MA, Brehelin C, Kessler F, Bock R, Cahoon EB, Dormann P: Deficiency in phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) methylation affects prenyl quinone distribution, photosystem I abundance, and anthocyanin accumulation in the Arabidopsis AtmenG mutant. Journal of Biological Chemistry2006, 281(52):40461-40472.[DUAL-PAM-100, IMAGING-PAM]