工业用水所用的水源都是来自天然水，这种天然水源无论是地表水还是地下水都含有很多不同的杂质。不同用途的水，水质分析项目也各不相同，所订的指标也有很大的差异，例如生活饮用水不仅有感官性指标性能要求和化学指标，还有毒理学、细菌学和放射性物质等各方面的分析检测指标。

污染密度指数SDI值是表征反渗透系统进水水质的重要指标。 测定SDI值的的基本原理是测量在2.1bar（30psi）给水压力下用0.45μm微滤膜过滤一定量的原水所需要的时间。

膜分离技术的基础是分离膜。分离膜是具有选择透过性能的薄膜，某些分子（或微粒）可以透过薄膜，而其它的则被阻隔。

反渗透进水的水质要求，悬浮物等，金属氧化物，结垢物质，有机物，PH值，温度，氧化剂，表面活性剂等以及预处理的方法

一种薄膜分离技术，依靠逆渗透膜在压力下，使溶液中的溶剂与溶质分离的过程。逆渗透是在有盐份的水中（如原水）施加比自然渗透压力更大的压力，使水由浓度高的一方渗透到浓度低的一方，把原水中的水分子和其他的物质分离。由于逆渗透膜上的微孔极小，其孔隙仅为0.0001μ,是细菌、病毒体积的几千分之一。采用该技术制备的水为纯水，不含有任何矿物质和微量元素，甚至尿经它过滤后都可以直接饮用。

Abstract: Preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC), as a continuous liquid–liquid partition chromatography with no solid support matrix, combined with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was employed for systematic separation and purification of non-chromophoric chemical components from Chinese medicinal herb Adenophora tetraphlla (Thunb.), Fisch. Nine compounds, includingα-spinasterol, β-sitosterol, nonacosan-10-ol, 24-methylene cycloartanol, lupenone, 3-O-palmitoyl-β-sitosterol, 3-O-β-d-glucose-β-sitosterol, eicosanoic acid and an unknown compound, were obtained. The compounds were all above 95% determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–ELSD, and their structures were identified by H-NMR and chemical ionization mass spectroscopy (CI-MS). The results demonstrate that HSCCC coupled with ELSD is a feasible and efficient technique for systematic isolation of non-chromophoric components from traditional medicinal herbs.

Abstract: A preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) was used to isolate and separate curculigoside and curculigoside B from the famous traditional Chinese medicinal herb Curculigo orchioides. Some parameters including two-phase solvent system, separation temperature,flow rate of the mobile phase and revolution speed of the apparatus were all investigated, and a successfully isolation and purification was achieved at the following conditions: the two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-ethanol-water at a volume ratio of 5:1:5(v/v/v) was selected and the lower phase of the system was used as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 2.0ml/min, and the isolation temperature and revolution speed were set at 30◦C and 800rpm.The isolation produced a total of 14.5 mg curculigoside B and 72.8 mg curculigoside with purities of 96.5% and 99.4% determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from 300 mg crude extract after cleaning-up by D101 macroporous resin,which was necessary for the excellent purification. The recoveries of the two compounds were 91.6% and 92.5%, respectively, and the chemical structure identification was carried out by UV, MS and NMR. This separation method was more effective than some conventional techniques.

Abstract： Pseudostellarin B (cyclic peptide) was isolated and purified from the herbs of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.)Pax for the first time by high-speed counter-current chromatography(HSCCC)using a two-phase solvent system consisting of n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water(0.6:4.4:5,v/v).The technique can isolate mg levels of the target compound per run with purity better than 96%. The chemical structure of the compound has been positively confirmed by electrospray ionization time of flight(TOF) MS,H-NMR,C-NMR and H-C COSY analyses.

Abstract：Pseudostellarin B (cyclic peptide) was isolated and purified from the herbs of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax for the first time by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) using a two-phase solvent system consisting of n-butanol–ethyl acetate–water (0.6:4.4:5,v/v).The technique can isolate mg levels of the target compound per run with purity better than 96%. The chemical structure of the compound has been positively confirmed by electrospray ionization time of flight (TOF) MS,H-NMR,C-NMR and H-C COSY analyses.

摘 要： 建立了高速逆流色谱分离纯化木蝴蝶黄芩素和白杨黄素的方法。两相溶剂系统为石油醚2乙酸乙酯2甲醇2水,固定相为5∶5∶5∶5(V/V)体系的上相,以5∶5∶5∶5(V/V)和5∶5∶7∶3(V/V)体系的下相为流动相进行梯度洗脱。从300mg木蝴蝶粗提物中一步分离纯化得到2515 mg黄芩素和3616 mg白杨黄素。经高效液相色谱分析,纯度分别为9912%和100%。其化学结构由1H2NMR 和13C2NMR鉴定。

本实验结果表明采用高速逆流色谱法可以从淡豆豉中分离得到质量分数的大豆素和染料木素单体化合物，分离时间较短，操作简便、样品无损失。由此可以进一步制备获得这两个物质的化学对照品，为淡豆豉深入研究和质量控制提供了必要的物质基础。

摘 要：用国产高速逆流色谱(HSCCC) 分离纯化中草药———丹参,选用正己烷-乙醇-水体系,固定相保留率达到78.8 %。采用分步洗脱,3 个产地丹参各分离得到12 个洗脱组分,经高效液相色谱仪和紫外光谱仪检测证明3 张HSCCC洗脱图谱中对应洗脱峰为同一组分。HSCCC 洗脱图谱不包含非共有峰,并且对应洗脱峰保留时间的相对标准偏差RSD < 3 % ,符合国家标准关于制订指纹图谱方法学考察资料的技术参数。因此,HSCCC 作为制订指纹图谱的方法之一具有可行性.

摘要: 高速逆流色谱分离生物碱是目前中药有效成分分离中的热点,本文用制备型高速逆流色谱,从黄连、黄柏、十大功劳和金果榄等四种中药中分离出了几种小檗碱类生物碱.分离的基本方法都是把中药材进行粉碎,然后用工业酒精浸泡,滤液浓缩后用浓盐酸酸化过滤,滤液用氢氧化钠碱化至pH=10后用氯仿萃取,氯仿萃取液浓缩所得浸膏作为分离的样品.分离的溶剂体系主要由四氯化碳、氯仿、甲醇和稀盐酸以不同的体积比组成,分离条件是流速为2mL/min,转速为800r/min,进样量为200mg.分离所得组分用标准品进行对照,确定结构.

摘要：用三种方法对荷叶提取物进行分离纯化，结合薄层层析（TLC）和颜色反应，对各自分离组分跟随鉴定。结果表明：高速逆流色谱（HSCCC）分离效果好，Sephadex LH-20柱层析分离效果次之，硅胶柱层析分离效果最差；荷叶提取物经高速逆流色谱分离纯化，可以得到两种黄酮醇类单体。

摘　要: 采用高速逆流色谱法分离纯化丹参水溶性成分丹酚酸类物质,制备丹酚酸B化学对照品。分离采用的溶剂系统为正己烷2乙酸乙酯2水2甲醇(1.5:5:5:1.5),上相做固定相,下相做流动相,流速为1.7mL/min,仪器转速850rpm,进样量80mg,纯度用HPLC 方法测定。结果表明:一次分离可制备63.4mg丹酚酸B,其纯度为98.6%。该方法操作简单,可作为高纯度丹酚酸B化学对照品的制备分离方法。

Abstract: Scutellarin, a flavone glycoside, popularly applied for the treatment of cardiopathy, has been purified in two-step purification by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) from Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand. Mazz. (Deng-zhan-hua in Chinese), a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant for heart disease. Two solvent systems, n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–acetic acid–water (1:6:1.5:1:4, v/v/v/v/v) and ethyl acetate–n-butanol–acetonitrile–0.1% HCl (5:2:5:10, v/v/v/v) were used for the two-step purification. The purity of the collected fraction of scutellarin was 95.6%. This study supplies a new alternative method for purification of scutellarin.

Abstract: High-speed counter-current chromatography methods,combined with solvent partition, were applied to the systematic separation and purification of chemical components from Chinese medicinal herb Polygonum multiflorum extract. The aim of this paper is summing up the rules of solvent system selection for diverse fractions of herbal extract, and establishing the systematic pattern to screen the bioactive constituents rapidly. Nine compounds including emodin, chrysophanol, rhein, 6-OH-emodin, emodin-8-
-d-glucoside, polygonimitin B, 2,3,5,4-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-
-d-glucoside, gallic acid and an unkown glycoside, which differed in quantity and polarity remarkably, were obtained. The purities of them were all above 97% as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and their structures were identified by H-NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). The results demonstrated that HSCCC is a speedy and efficient technique for systematic isolation of bioactive components from traditional medicinal herbs.

Abstract: High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was successfully applied to preparative separation and purification of verticine and verticinone from crude extracts of Bulbus Fritillariae Thunbergii by a one-step separation,using chloroform–ethanol–0.2 mol L−1 hydrochloric acid (3:2:2, v/v/v) as a solvent system. HPLC analysis of the fractions collected on the preparative HSCCC of 200 mg of crude extracts showed that the purity of verticine (25.6 mg) was 96.8% and that of verticinone (10.3 mg) was 95.4%. The chemical identities of these components were confirmed by H-NMR and EI-MS.

The medicinal plant Atractylodes macrocephala (Baizhu in Chinese) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for energy and stomach complaints, treatment of dyspepsia and anorexia, anti-inflammation, anticancer and for increasing assimilation. A high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was developed for the preparative separation and purification of two main bioactive components,namely, atractylon and atractylenolide III from A. macrocephala by using light petroleum (60–908C)–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (4 :1:4:1 v/v) as the two-phase solvent system in dual-mode elution. Compared with the separation using the normal-mode elution, the dual-mode HSCCC can be achieved with shorter elution time.Atractylenolide III (32.1 mg) at 99.0% purity and 319.6 mg atractylon at 97.8% purity could be obtained from 1000 mg crude sample in a single run. The recoveries of atractylenolide III and atractylon were 95.4 and 92.6%, respectively.

Abstract: A recycling counter-current chromatographic system was first set up with a high-speed counter-current chromatography instrument coupled with a column switching valve. This system was first successfully applied to the preparative separation of epimers, gambogic acid and epigambogic acid from Garcinia hanburyi using n-hexane–methanol–water (5:4:1, v/v/v) as the two-phase solvent system. As a result, 28.2 mg gambogic acid and 18.4 mg epigambogic acid were separated from 50 mg of mixture. Their purities were both above 97% as determined by HPLC. The chemical structures were then identified by their H-NMR and C-NMR spectra.

摘要:目的　从千层塔植物提取物中分离制备石杉碱甲单体。方法　利用高速逆流色谱技术,通过寻找合适的两相溶剂体系及工艺参数,研究及讨论石杉碱甲分离制备的新方法。结果　以n2Hexane /n2BuOH /H2O (4∶1∶5,V /V /V)为两相溶剂体系,在优化的工艺参数条件下,利用高速逆流色谱技术,获得了单体纯度为98.6% (HPLC)的石杉碱甲单体。结论　利用高速逆流色谱技术成功地从千层塔植物提取物中分离制备了纯度高于98%的石杉碱甲单体。

Abstract: Following an initial cleaning-up step on the D101 macroporous resin,a preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane–ethyl acetate–methanol–water (1:0.9:0.9:1, v/v) was used to isolate and separate schizandrin and gomisin A from Schisandra chinensis. A total of 107 mg schizandrin and 36 mg gomisin A with purities of 99.5% and 99.1% were obtained from 400 mg crude extract in one-step elution and less than 3h,and the structure identification was performed by UV, IR, MS,H-NMR and C-NMR.

摘要:应用高速逆流色谱法对环抱菌素的分离纯化进行研究,选择石油醚-丙酮-水(3:3:2,V/V)为两相体系,计算环抱菌A,B,C,D在两相体系中的分配系数,以上相为固相,下相为流动相进行高速逆流色谱分离纯化,高效液相色谱法测定单组分纯度。实验结果表明一次高速逆流色谱即可将环抱菌素粗品分离纯化,得到纯度98.5%以上的环抱菌素A,B,C,D单组分,收率达85%以上。