智能型全自动拉曼光谱仪

For many years Raman spectroscopy has been applied to characterisation of polymers. However, the applications have tended to be research-oriented, rather than designed for routine analysis. With the revolutionary developments in Raman instrumentation, it is now possible to acquire spectra quite rapidly on equipment that is much more affordable and easier to use than in the past. The following will summarise how Raman spectroscopy has been used successfully for the study of polymers, and will indicate which effects can be monitored on a routine basis for industrial analytical purposes.

Metal oxides, in contrast to most metals, are well known to be easily distinguished by their characteristic Raman spectra; their presence can be detected on a scale of micrometers with a Raman microprobe. Often, the various oxides of a particular metallic ion have significantly different Raman spectra, with even the degree of hydration of the ligated cation generating a tell-tale vibrational fingerprint. Thus, the diverse oxide forms of a variety of metals, including, for example, iron, nickel, lead, titanium, zirconium, molybdenum, copper, and vanadium, can be distinguished by a fast and non-destructive spectroscopic measurement. In practice, this allows the scientist or engineer to delineate the kinetics of oxidation of any of these species, observing where and when successive species are formed during the oxidation of a raw metal. For example, steel rust exhibits layers of several oxides of iron, including hematite, lepodocrocite, goethite,and magnetite, with the layer thicknesses and ordering dependent upon the composition of the steel, the conditions of the environment, and the duration of exposure.

Non-destructive optical monitoring of chemical composition can be accomplished using Raman Spectroscopy. Raman spectra can be utilised to distinguish differences in chemical bond structures. This is particularly useful in applications where reactions could progress towards either a desired product or an undesired by-product. The Raman spectrum indicates when local conditions exist which favour one reaction path over another. This qualitative measurement can be developed into a tool to monitor process conditions.

The Raman spectra of elemental carbon materials are known to be sensitive to polymorphy. For hard carbon films, the spectra of amorphous and diamond-like carbons can be band-fit to separate the contributions of the "graphitic carbon" (G band) from the "disordered carbon" (D band). The spectral behaviour of carbon films has been empirically correlated with thin film physical properties such as hardness, durability, optical transparency, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and corrosion resistance, and can be of use for prediction of these properties without extensive alternative testing.

显微拉曼分析已经成为表面分析和固相颗粒分析中一项常规必备的实验手段。新的自动化技术已经使得分析人员可以方便地研究表面污染物，分析表面结构。刑事侦查领域以及司法部门的研究人员对于核实某一表面上的爆炸物存在特别感兴趣，他们也关注于研究某种成分在爆炸物或易爆材料中的分布情况。 以前，用来提供此类信息的手段有有损伤性的色谱法、质谱法；还有AFM之类定性分析方法。然而，这些分析技术或者对样品是破坏性的，并且需要冗长的样品提纯过程，或者对样品特征的揭示很少，并且是间接性的表征。 比较而言，拉曼显微技术可以提供无损的、原位的、详细的特征光谱和分布信息。 本文报道了如何利用显微拉曼对含有两种典型成分三次甲基三硝基胺（RDX）和季戊四醇四硝酸酯（PETN）的某种爆炸物在表面上的存在进行表征。

在我们的日常生活中，颜料起着重要的作用，它被广泛应用于家具、塑料制品、纺织品、书籍和绘画艺术品的染色。由于颜料很难溶解于普通溶剂之中，因而对它们的鉴别存在很多困难。当样品数量少，或者需要进行无损伤的研究时，这种困难就显得尤其突出，例如：在法医学实验室或者珍贵绘画艺术品的鉴别等领域。 拉曼光谱也已被证明是特别适合解决这些难题的分析方法。如今，产品识别、数据分析以及赝品鉴别等问题都可以利用拉曼光谱解决。这项技术已经成为解决所有这些难题的有力工具。

拉曼光谱已经成为石墨烯的表征和改性研究中必不可少的工具，在石墨烯的层数、缺陷表征，以及掺杂、堆叠、层间嵌入、环境影响等方面的研究起着非常重要的作用。拉曼成像不仅可直观的表征不同层石墨烯层数的空间分布，还可以表征石墨烯掺杂、形变引起的拉曼峰位、峰形变化的分布。

One of the major fields of investigation of L'OREAL is to improve the understanding of the chemical composition and structure of skin and hair. To enable a better design of cosmetic products, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms and the nature of the interactions of cosmetic ingredients with these substrates is necessary.Raman is a key analytical method allowing the needed understanding of such mechanisms. In this context,HORIBA Jobin Yvon & L''OREAL Research have established a close collaboration in applying the Raman technique under in vitro conditions or directly in vivo,for hair,skin,nail, eyelashes and model substrates.

Composite materials are, by definition, multi-phased. Quite often these phases are not distinguishable by optical microscopy. Raman analysis provides very rapid analysis that can differentiate phases, even closely related phases such as polymorphs of a given composition, or differing stoichiometries in a solid system. Recently a SiC conversion coating on a carbon-carbon composite used in the space shuttle was analyzed and various phases were mapped. The identification of phases, in combination with maps showing the physical proximity of the phases, provide insight into the solid state chemical reactions that produce the multi-phase coating.

显微共焦拉曼光谱仪优异的空间分辨率不仅可用于聚合物的单点检测，还可用于平面及纵向的成像扫描，获得空间分布及纵向各层分布及厚度。此外，还可远程在线监控聚合物的反应过程，对其进行实时测定。

拉曼光谱可与AFM联用，不仅可获得聚合物薄膜的表面形貌图，还可以获得拉曼光谱及拉曼成像图，可多元化的信息共同全面的表针此聚合物。

麻醉品、高聚物、爆炸物、颜料以及生物残留都有各自特征且信息丰富的拉曼光谱，因此快速、无损的拉曼光谱仪也成为刑侦及法庭科学研究的理想分析工具。

拉曼光谱对生物分子的细微变化非常敏感，本文使用拉曼光谱对小麦的谷物进行成像分析，获得了谷物中淀粉、脂质及蛋白质的分布；并通过对一系列硬度不同的谷物进行分析，了解了蛋白质结构与谷物硬度间的关系。

显微共焦拉曼光谱仪能够便捷地分析矿物组分，并且提供高空间分辨率的组分分布图，及原位分析流体包裹体。本文利用拉曼光谱对不同成岩演化阶段中产生的不同类型的烃类包裹体进行检测，获得了油气藏和包裹体在地质历史中不同体系的高温端裂解和H2S成因的重要证据。此外，还对固体有机质进行研究获得其热演化模式。