所有提问
色谱 | 光谱 | 质谱 | 波谱 | 显微镜 | 物性测试 | 样品前处理 | 常用设备 | 食品检测 | 药物分析 | 环境监测 | 实验室建设/管理 | 认证认可 | 基础知识    更多>>
未解决的问题:146739
所有仪器问答:170700
 您现在的位置:首页 > 仪器问答 > 基础知识专区 > 专业英语专业英语论坛
共有 15 人回复了该问答求助:翻译
 回复christe发表于:2007/5/21 16:32:00悬赏金额:30积分 状态:已解决
超级恒温水浴
一.使用范围
超级恒温水浴(以后简称恒温水浴)适用于生物、化学、物理、植物、化工等科学研究上直接加热和辅助加热的精密恒温之用。
二.结构
普通恒温水浴的结构是由浴槽、温度计、搅拌器、加热器、接触温度计(或称导电温度计)和继电器等部分组成。其结构图、装置示意图、实物图如下:
三.工作原理
恒温水浴的工作原理简述如下:
1. 浴槽
浴槽包括容器和液体介质。如果要求设定的温度与室温相差不大,通常可用20dm3  的圆形玻璃缸作容器。若设定的温度较高(或较低),则应对整个槽体保温,以减少热量传递速度,提高恒温精度。
恒温水浴以蒸馏水为工作介质。如对装置稍加改动并选用其它合适液体作为工作介质,则上述恒温浴可在较大的温度范围内使用。
2. 温度计
观察恒温浴的温度可选用分度值为0.1℃的水银温度计,而测量恒温浴的灵敏度时应采用贝克曼温度计,温度计的安装位置应尽量靠近被测系统。所用的水银温度计读数应加以校正。
3. 搅拌器
搅拌器以小型电动机带动,其功率可选40W,用变速器或变压器来调节搅拌速度。搅拌器一般应安装在加热器附近,使热量迅速传递,以使槽内各部位温度均匀。
4. 加热器
在要求设定温度比室温高的情况下,必须不断供给热量以补偿水浴向环境散失的热量。电加热器的选择原则是热容量小,导热性好,功率适当。如果容量为20dm3的浴槽,要求恒温在20~30℃之间,可选用200∽300W的电加热器。室温过低时,则应选用较大功率或采用两组加热器。
五.水银接触温度计。水银接触温度计又称水银导电表。其结构如图所示。
水银球上部焊有金属丝,温度计上半部有另一金属丝,两者通过引出线接到继电器的信号反馈端。接触温度计的顶部有一磁性螺旋调节帽,用来调节金属丝触点的高低。同时,从温度计调节指示螺母在标尺上的位置可以估读出大致的控温设定温度值。浴槽温度升高时,水银膨胀并上升至触点,继电器内线圈通电产生磁场,加热线路弹簧片跳开,加热器停止加热。随后浴槽热量向外扩散,使温度下降,水银收缩并与触点脱离,继电器的电磁效应消失,弹簧弹回,而接通加热器回路,系统温度又开始回升。这样接触温度计反复工作。而且系统温度得到控制。可以说它是恒温浴的中枢,对恒温起着关键作用。
5. 继电器
继电器必须与加热器和接触温度计相连,才能起到控温作用。实验室常用的继电器有电子管继电器和晶体管继电器。
衡量恒温水浴的品质好坏,可以用恒温水浴灵敏度来衡量。通常以实测的最高温度与最低温度值之差的一半数值来表示其灵敏度。
四.使用方法
1. 在初次使用前,应先将恒温器电源插头用万用表作一次安全检查,用测量电阻之一挡,量插头上相,中,地,相互之间是否有短路或绝缘不良现象。
2.  按规定加入蒸馏水(水位离盖板约30-43毫米)将电源插头接通电源,开启控制箱上的电源开关及电动泵开关,使槽内的水循环对流。
3.  调节恒温水浴至设定温度。假定室温为20℃,欲设定实验温度为25℃,其调节方法如下:先旋开水银接触温度计上端螺旋调节帽的锁定螺丝,再旋动磁性螺旋调节帽,使温度指示螺母位于大约低于欲设定实验温度2~3℃处(如23℃),开启加热器开关加热(为节约加热时间,最好灌入较所需恒温温度约低数度的热水),如水温与设定温度相差较大,可先用大功率加热(仪器面板上加热器开关位于“通”位置),当水温接近设定温度时,改用小功率加热(仪器面板上加热器开关位于“加热”位置)。注视温度计的读数,当达到23℃左右时,再次旋动磁性螺旋调节帽,使触点与水银柱处于刚刚接通与断开状态(恒温指示灯时明时灭)。此时要缓慢加热,直到温度达25℃为止,然后旋紧锁定螺丝。
4.  如需要用低于环境室温时可用恒温器上之冷凝管致冷,可外加和恒温器相同之电动水泵一只将冷水用橡胶皮管从冷凝筒进入嘴引入至冷凝管内致冷,同时在橡皮管上加管子夹一只,以控制冷水的流量,用冷水导入致冷一般只能达到20-15℃之间并须将电加热开关关断。
5. 恒温器加热最好选用蒸馏水,切勿使用井水,河水,泉水等硬水,尚用自来水必须在每次使用后将该器内外进行清洗,防止筒壁积聚水垢而影响恒温灵敏度。
五、恒温水浴灵敏度曲线的绘制
1. 原理
许多物理化学数据测定都需要在恒定温度下。欲控制温度,通常用以下两种方法:一是利用相变温度点来实现,二是利用电子调节系统,对加热器或致冷器的工作状态进行自动调节,来实现恒温的目的。本实验所用的恒温水浴通过电子继电器对加热器自动调节,来实现控温的目的。当恒温水浴因热量向外扩散等原因使体系温度低于设定值时,继电器迫使加热器加热,当体系再次达到设定温度时,加热器停止加热。这样周而复始,就可以使体系温度在一定范围内保持恒定。
普通恒温水浴的结构是由浴槽,温度计,搅拌器,加热器,接触温度计和继电器等部分组成。
2. 数据处理
本实验用数字式贝克曼温度计测量温度,每隔30秒记一次数值,共记半小时,61个数据。将其与对应时间分两行或两列输入,如第一行输入时间,第二行输入温度。输入完毕后,选定所有数据,选“插入”中的“图表”,或单击工具栏中的“图表”符号。出现一个对话框,选择“标准类型”中的“XY散点图”,在出现的对话框上选择下图的第一行第二个,即带点的曲线图,再单击“完成”即可。
在空白处右击,选择“图表选项”,可以标出图表名称以及坐标轴代表的含义和单位,还可以选择网格线的格式。在两个坐标轴附近右击,可以调节坐标轴的刻度,字体大小等。由于比较简单,在这里不详细介绍了。
在图上找出最高点T2和最低点T1,灵敏度计算公式为S= T2—T1/2。从数据和图线看出T2 =35.212,T1=35.133,S= T2—T1/2=0.0395。
19840214 回复于:2007/5/21 17:31:00
接上
4. application methods 1. before the primary use, should first do the thermostat powersource plug with the avonmeter a time of security check, keeps off oneof with survey resistances, measures the plug to be photogenic,center, mutually between whether has short-circuits or the insulationundesirable tendency. 2. acts according to the regulations to join the distilled water(water level to lap approximately 30-43 millimeter) to put through thepower source plug the power source, opens in the control box the powerswitch and the electric pump switch, causes in the trough the watercycle convection. 3. adjustments constant temperatures water bath to hypothesistemperature. Supposes the room temperature is 20 ℃, wants toestablish the experimental temperature is 25 ℃, its adjustmentmethod as follows: First turns on lathe the mercury contactthermometer upper extreme spiral adjustment hat the fixed screw, thengyrates the magnetic spiral adjustment hat, causes the temperature toinstruct the nut is located probably is lower than wants to establishexperimental temperature 2~3 ℃ place (for example 23 ℃), opens theheater switch to heat up (for frugal heats up time, best fills intocomparatively needs constant temperature temperature approximately lowseveral hot water), if the water temperature and the hypothesistemperature difference is bigger, may first use the high efficiency toheat up (on board heater switch to be located "passes" position), whenthe water temperature approaches the hypothesis temperature, changesto the low power to heat up (on board heater switch to be located"heats up" position). Gazes at the thermometer the reading, whenachieved when 23 ℃ about, gyrates the magnetic spiral adjustment hatonce more, causes the electronic contact and the mercury column was atjust puts through with the separation condition (when constanttemperature indicating lamp Ming Shimie). This time must slowly heatup, reaches 25 until the temperature ℃, then tightens locks thescrew.
4. like needs to use is lower than when the environment roomtemperature to be possible to use on the thermostat therefrigeration, but sur- and thermostat same electrically operatedwater pump enters the cold water with the rubber leather hose from thecondensation tube the mouth introduction to in therefrigeration, simultaneously adds on the rubber pipe,controls the cold water the current capacity, inducts therefrigeration with the cold water generally only to be able to achieve20-15 ℃ between and must shut off the electric heating switch. 5. thermostats heated up well select the distilled water, is sure notto use the well water, the river water, hard water and so on waterseepage, after still used the running water to have each time to usethis inside and outside carries on the clean, prevented the tube wallagglomeration 水垢 affected the constant temperature sensitivity. Fifth, constant temperature water bath sensitivity curve plan 1. principles Many physical chemistry data determination all needs under theconstant temperature. Wants to control the temperature, passes thecommonly used following two methods: One, realizes usingtransformation temperature, two uses the electronic control system,carries on the automatic control to the heater or the refrigerationactive status, realizes the constant temperature goal. This experimentuses the constant temperature water bath through the electronic relayto the heater automatic control, realizes controls the warm goal. Whenthe constant temperature water bath when the quantity of heat toreason and so on outside proliferation causes the system temperatureis lower than supposes the definite value, the relay forces the heaterto heat up, when the system achieved once more when hypothesistemperature, the heater stops heating up. Like this starts once again,may make the system temperature to maintain constantly in the certainscope. The ordinary constant temperature water bath structure is by the bathtrough, the thermometer, the mixer, the heater, the contactthermometer and the relay and so on partially is composed. 2. data processing This experimental digital Beckmann thermometer surveytemperature, each 30 seconds record a time of value, altogether recordfor half hour, 61 data. Divides two lines of or two row inputs it withthe corresponding time, like first line of input time, second line ofinput temperature. After the input finished, designated all data,choose "the insertion" the center "the graph", or single-clicks in thetool fence "the graph" the mark. Appears a dialog box, the choice "thestandard type" the center "the XY scatter diagram", in appears in thedialog box under the choice chart first line of second, namely a beltdiagram of curves, single-clicks again "completes" then. In right strikes, the choice "the graph option", may sectionout the graph name as well as the coordinate axis representative'smeaning and the unit, but also may choose the mesh lines the form.Right strikes nearby two coordinate axes, may adjust the coordinateaxis the scale division, the typeface size and so on. Because quite issimple, not in detail introduced in here. Discovers peak T2 and most low point T1 on the chart, the sensitivityformula is S= T2 - T1/2. See T2 =35.212 from the data and the graph,T1=35.133, S= T2 - T1/2=0.0395.

njnsf 回复于:2007/5/22 8:12:00
您好!
    这是接上面的,请参考谢谢!
5. Relay relay with the heater and contact thermometer connected to play a role in temperature control. Laboratories have used the Relay Relay tubes and transistors Relay. Constant temperature water bath to measure the quality of good and bad, hot water can be used to measure the sensitivity. Usually measured by the maximum temperature and minimum temperature difference between the value of the numerical half to show its sensitivity. 4. Use one. Before the initial use, the thermostat should be given the power plug Multimeter used for a safety inspection, one of the measuring resistor block. Plug compatible volume, medium, whether between short circuit or insulation ill. 2. In accordance with the regulations by adding distilled water (water from the cover of about 30-43 mm) to the power plug connected to the electricity. open the control box on the power switch and electric pump switches, so that the water cycle convection tank. 3. Adjust to the hot water temperature setting. Assumed room temperature to 20 ° C, wishes to set temperature 25 ° C, the regulation is as follows : Rotary first open contact with the mercury thermometer adjust the top screw caps lock screws, and then rotating magnetic screw cap regulation, Nut instructions so that the temperature at about wishing to set below the experimental temperature 2-3 ° C (such as 23 ° C), Open heater switch heating (heating time for the savings, preferably on different machines than the required temperature thermostat a few degrees lower in water), If the water temperature and the temperature difference between larger, High-power ahead with heating (instrument panel heater switch in the "links" position), when the water temperature close to the temperature setting, switch to low-power heating (instrument panel heater switch in the "heat" position). Watching the thermometer readings, reached 23 ℃, again rotating magnetic screw cap regulation, make contact with the mercury in just connected and disconnected state (light at the prescribed temperature when eliminate). At this point slowly heating until the temperature up to 25 ° C, then tighten the screw lock. 4. For use environment below room temperature thermostat can be used on a condenser tube cooling, can be applied and thermostats same electric water pump to a tube with a rubber tube into the condensate from the mouth to introduce within the refrigeration condenser tube and rubber hoses in the tubes add a folder to control the flow of cold water, Introduction cooling with cold water can only reach between 20-15 ° C and keep electric heating switch turned off. 5. Heating thermostat, preferably distilled water and not to use well water, river water and springs and other hard water. still have to use tap water after each use this for internal and external cleansing to prevent the accumulation of Wall furring affect temperature sensitivity. 5, hot water sensitivity curve of a drawing. Principle of many physical and chemical data are measured in constant temperatures. Want to control temperature, usually with the following two methods : First, the use of phase change temperatures to achieve the second is the use of electronic control system, of the heater or cooling for the state automatically adjusted to achieve the temperature goals. The experiment used by the hot water heater on electronic relay automatically adjusted to achieve the purpose of temperature control. When the hot water for heat outward proliferation caused the temperature below the set value, the relay forced heater heating, When the system again to set temperature, heater stop heating. This cycle, we can make certain temperature within constant. Ordinary hot water from the structure of the bath, thermometers, blenders, heater, thermometer and relay contacts and other components. 2. Experimental data processing of the Digital Beckman thermometer to measure the temperature every 30 seconds a numerical mind, A total of mind for half an hour, 61 data. With its counterparts in two hours or two firms to import, such as the importation of the first line, second line input temperature. Input has been completed, all data selected, choose "insert" the "table", or click the column "chart" symbol. A dialog appears, choose the "standard type" of the "XY plot" in the dialog that appears, choose the first plan under the second, or a bit of curve, and then click "completion" can be. Right click on the blank space, and choosing "Chart options," we can chart shows the name and on behalf of the axes of meaning and units can also choose the grid format. 2-axis in the vicinity of right-click, can adjust the axis coordinates of the calibration, font size. As relatively simple, here is not the details. On maps to identify the highest point and the lowest point T2 T1, sensitivity calculation formula for S = T2-T1/2. From the data and drawings seen T2 =35.212, T1=35.133. S = T2-T1/2=0.0395.
ruojun 回复于:2007/5/22 0:03:00
[quote]原文由 christe 发表:
超级恒温水浴
Super Isothermo Water Bath
一.使用范围 Use Range
超级恒温水浴(以后简称恒温水浴)适用于生物、化学、物理、植物、化工等科学研究上直接加热和辅助加热的精密恒温之用。
Super Isothermo Water Bath is suitablr for direct and supplementary heating in scientific research in biology, chemistry, physics, plant and chenmistry industry field
二.结构 Structure
普通恒温水浴的结构是由浴槽、温度计、搅拌器、加热器、接触温度计(或称导电温度计)和继电器等部分组成。其结构图、装置示意图、实物图如下:
Common isothermo water bath is made up of ......
三.工作原理 Working Principle

有点长,楼上的花了不少时间,值得感谢了。太晚了,我只开个头。
 回复  1# christe  回复于:2007/5/21 16:33:00
我自己也翻译,只是太多了,希望大家帮我分担一下
谢谢
扫一扫查看全部15条回复
高级回复快速回复【花三五分钟,帮别人解决一个问题,快乐自己一天!】