盐酸除去灰分，硝酸氧化带入羟基等亲水集团。
Electrochemical Behavior of Vanadium Redox Couples on Carbon
Electrode
Ming-yao Liu,a Zhi-peng Xiang,a Hai-qiang Deng,b Kai Wan,a Quan-bing Liu,a Jin-hua Piao,c
Yu-ying Zheng,d and Zhen-xing Liang

Preparation of the working electrode.—The semi-graphitic carbon black Vulcan XC72 was pretreated in a typical way with the
following steps and denoted as XC72.33,34 12.0 g Vulcan XC72 was
added into 200 mL HCl (1:5) and heated at 120?C for 10 h. The powders were then boiled in 200 mL 5.0 M HNO3 solution at 120?C for
10 h. Finally, the powders were filtered, washed and dried at 150?C
for 8 h

这是碳粉的，应该都差不多