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Semiconducting metal oxides such as tin oxide (SnO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are routinely used as active materials in solid state gas sensing devices. Since the sensing action is directly related to the surface area in contact with the gas, the incredibly high surface-to-volume ratios of nanowires means they are attractive candidates for nano-sensors.

Despite significant advancements in nanowire growth techniques, electrical contacts to as-grown nanowire arrays through non-destructive methods have not yet been successfully realized. Researchers at the University of Maryland, US, and NIST, US, have developed a generic, in situ approach for electrically contacting nanowire arrays using conductive nanoparticles.

The team grew vertically-aligned ZnO nanowire arrays on gold catalyst layers before depositing a contiguous film consisting of conductive gold nanoparticles exclusively on top of the nanowire array. The particle deposition was driven using a high electric field - the key aspect was that the enhanced electric field surrounding the nanowire tips attracted particles to the top of the nanowire array.

By employing the catalyst and nanoparticle layers as bottom and top electrodes respectively, the researchers successfully designed and tested a gas sensor. The nano-sensor assembly was stable even at high temperatures (up to 350 °C) and highly sensitive to very low concentrations (10-50 ppm) of both reducing (methanol) and oxidizing (nitrous oxide) gases.

The team believes its approach of creating a top contact to nanowire arrays as-grown is universally applicable and may be useful in the design of electrically driven nanowire lasers and LEDs.



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