6
Table 2. Simplified comparison of ICP-MS, ICP-AES, GFAAS
ICP-MS ICP-AES Flame AAS GFAAS
Detection Excellent for Very good for Very good Excellent for
limits most elements most elements for some some elements
elements
Sample all elements 5-30 elements 15 seconds/ 4 mins/element
throughput 2-6 min/sample /min/sample element/sample /sample
Linear dynamic 105 105 103 102
range (108 with range ext'n)
Precision
Short term 1-3% 0.3-2% 0.1-1% 1-5%
Long term (4hrs) <5%* <5%*
* precision improves with use of internal standards
Interferences
Spectral few common almost none few
Chemical (matrix) moderate almost none many many
Ionization minimal minimal some minimal
Mass effects high on low NA NA NA
Isotopes yes no no no
Dissolved solids
(maximum tolerable 0.1-0.4% 2-25% 0.5-3% >20%
concentration)
No. of elements >75 >73 >68 >50
Sample useage low high very high very low
Semi-quantitative yes yes no no
analysis
Isotope analysis yes no no no
Routine operation easy easy easy easy
Method skill skill easy skill
development required required required
Unattended yes yes no yes
operation
Combustible
gases no no yes no
Operating cost high high low medium
Capital cost very high high low medium/high
Table 3. Detection limit comparison (mg/L)
Element ICP-MS ICP-AES Flame AAS GFAAS
As <0.050 <20 <500 <1
Al <0.010 <3 <50 <0.5
Ba <0.005 <0.2 <50 <1.5
Be <0.050 <0.5 <5 <0.05
Bi <0.005 <20 <100 <1
Cd <0.010 <3 <5 <0.03
Ce <0.005 <15 <200000 ND
Co <0.005 <10 <10 <0.5
Cr <0.005 <10 <10 <0.15
Cu <0.010 <5 <5 <0.5
Gd <0.005 <5 <4000 ND
Ho <0.005 <1 <80 ND
In <0.010 <30 <80 <0.5
La <0.005 <0.05 <4000 ND
Li <0.020 <1 <5 <0.5
Mn <0.005 <0.5 <5 <0.06
Ni <0.005 <10 <20 <0.5
Pb <0.005 <20 <20 <0.5
Se <0.10 <50 <1000 <1.0
Tl <0.010 <30 <40 <1.5
U <0.010 <30 <100000 ND
Y <0.005 <0.5 <500 ND
Zn <0.02 <1.0 <2 <0.01
ICP-MS, ICP-AES, Flame AAS: Detection limits (defined on the basis of 3 standard deviations of the
blank)
GFAAS: Sensitivity (0.0044 absorbance) measured with 20 mL of sample
ND: Not determined

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ICP-MS与ICP-AES比较检测限要好：ICP-MS、ICP-AES与AAS比较可以进行多元素测量